GeologY
Paper-1 Section-A
(i) General Geology The Solar System, meteorities, origin and interior of the earth. Radioactivity and age of earth; Volcanoes- causes and products, volcanic belts. Earthquakes-causes, effects, earthquake belts, seismicity of India , intensity and magnitude, seismongraphs. Island arcs, deep sea trenches and mid-ocean ridges. Continental drift-evidences and mechanics; seafloor spreading, plate tectonics. Isostasy, orogeny and epeirogeny. Continents and oceans.
(ii) Geomorphology and Remote Sensing Basic concepts of geomorphology. Weathering and mass wasting. Landforms, slopes and drainage. Geomorphic cycles and their interpretation. Morphology and its relation to structures and lithology. Applications of geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering,. hydrology and environmental studies. Geomorphology of Indian subcontinent. Aerial photographs and their interpretation-mertis and limitations. The Electronmagnetic Spectrum. Orbiting satellites and sensor systems. Indian Remote Sensing Sataellites. Satellites data products. Applications of remote sensing in geology. The Geographic Information System and its applications. Global Positioning System.
(iii) Structural geology Priniples of geologic mapping and map reading, projection diagrams, stress and strain ellipsoid and stress-strain relationships of elastic, plastic and viscous materials. Strain markers in deformed rocks. Behaviour of minerals and rocks under deformation conditions. Folds and faults classification and mechanics. Structural analysis of folds, foliations, lineations, joints and faults, unconformities. Superposed deformation. Time-relationship between crystallization and deformation. Introduction to petrofabrics.
Section-B
(iv) Paleontology Species- definition and nomenclature. Megafossils and Microfossils. Modes of preservation of fossils. Different kinds of microfossils. Application of microfossils in correlation, petroleum exploration, paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies. Morphology, geological history and evolutionary trend in Cephalopoda, Trilobita, Brachiopoda, Echinoidea and Anthozoa. Stratigraphic utility of Ammonoidea, Trilobita and Graptoloidea. Evolutionary trend in Hominidae, Equidae and Proboscidae. Siwalik fauna. Gondwana flora and its importance.
(v) Stratigraphy and Geology of India Classification of stratigraphic sequences: lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, chro-nostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic and their interrelationships. Distribution and classification of Precambrian rocks of India . Study of stratigraphic distribution and lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with reference to fauna, flora and economic importance. Major boundary problems- Cambrian/Precambrian, Permian/Triassic, Cretaceous/Tertiary and Pliocene/Pleistocene. Study of climatic conditions, paleogeography and igneous activity in the Indian subcontinent in the geological past. Tectonic framework of India . Evolution of the Himalayas .
(vi) Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology : Hydrologic cycle and genetic classification of water. Movement of subsruface water. Springs. Porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and storage coefficient, classification of aquifers. Water-bearing characteristics of rocks. Groundwater chemistry. Salt water intrusion. Types of wells. Drainage basin morphometry. Exploration for groundwater. Groundwater recharge. Problems and management of groundwater. Rainwater harvesting. Engineering properties of rocks. Geological investigations for dams, tunnels and bridges. Rock as construction material. Alkali-aggregate reaction. Landslides-causes, prevention and rehabilitation. Earthquake-resistant structures.
Paper-II
Section-A
(i) Mineralogy Classification of crystals into systems and classes of symmetry. International system of crystallographic notation. Use of projection diagrams to represent crystal symmetry. Crystal defects. Elements of X-ray crystallography. Petrological microscope and accessories. Optical properties of common rock forming minerals. Pleochroism, extinction angle, double refraction, birefringence, twinning and dispersion in minerals. Physical and chemical characters of rock forming slilicate mineral groups. Structural classification of silicates. Common minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate, sulphide and halide groups.
(ii) Igneous ad Metamorphic Petrology Generation and crystallisation of magma. Crystallisation of albite-anorthite, diopside-anorthite and diopside-wollastonite-silica systems. Reaction principle., Magmatic differentation and assimilation. Petrogenetic significance of the textures and structrues of igneous rocks. Petrography and petrogenesis of granite, syenite, diorite, basic and ultrabasic groups, charnockite, anorthosite and alkaline rocks. Carbonatites. Deccan volcanic province. Types and agents of metamporphism. Metamporphic grdes and zones. Phase rule. Facies of regional and contact metamorphism. ACF and AKF diagrams. Textures and structures of metamporphic rocks. Metamorphism of arenaceous, argillaceous and basic rocks. Minerals assemblages Retrograde metamorphism. Metasomatism and granitisation, migmatites, Granulite terrains of India .
(iii) Sedimentology Sedimentary rocks: Processes of formation. diagenesis and lithification. Properties of sediments. Clastic and non-clastic rocks-their classification, petrography and depositional environment. Sedimentary facies and provenance. Sedimentary structures and their significance. Heavy minerals and their significance. Sedminetary basins of India . Section-B (iv) Economic Geology Ore , ore minerals and gangue, tenor of ore, classification of ore deposits. Process of formation of minerals deposits. Controls of ore localisation. Ore textures and structures. Metallogenic epochs and provinces. Geology of the important Indian deposits of aluminium, chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead zinc, manganese, titanium, uranium and thorium and industrial minerals. Deposits of coal and petroleum in India . National Mineral Policy. Conservation and utilization of mineral resources. Marine mineral resources and Law of Sea.
(v) Mining Geology Methods of prospecting-geological, geophysical, geochemical and geobotanical. Techniques of sampling. Estimation of reserves or ore. Mehtods of exploration and mining metallic ores, industrial minerals and marine mineral resources. Mineral beneficiation and ore dressing.
(vi) Geochemistry and Environmental Geology Cosmic abundance of elements. Composition of the planets and meteorites. Structure and compostion of earth and distribution of elements. Trace elements. Elements of crystal chemistry-types of chemical bonds, coordination number. Isolmorphism and polymorphism. Elementary thermodynamics. Natural hazards-floods, landslides, coastal erosion, earthquakes and volcanic activity and mitigation. Environmental impact of urbanization, open cast mining, industrial and radioactive waste disposal, use of fertilizers, dumping of mine waste and fly-ash. Pollution of ground and surface water, marine pollution Environment protection-legislative measures in India .
20081026
B.P.S.C. SYLLABUS FOR BOTANY
Botany
Paper-I 1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology: Viruses, bacteria, and plasmids-structure and reproduction. General account of infection, Phytoimmunology. Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and pollution control in air, soil and water. Important plant diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes. Mode of infection and dissemination. Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance/defence. Physiology of parasitism and control measures. Fungal toxins. 2. Cryptogams: Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes-structure and reproduction from evolutionary viewpoint. Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their economic potential. 3. Phanerogams: Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymonosperms. Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms. Salient features of Cycadales, Conferrals and Gnetales, their structures and reproduction. General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales. Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogeny. Comparative account of various systems of Angiosperm Classiification. Study of angiospermic families–Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae (Cruci-ferae), Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocar-paceae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solana-ceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae (Composite), Poaceae (Gramineae), Arecaceae (Palmae), Liliaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae. Stomata and their types. Anomalous secondary growth, Anatomy of C 3 and C 4 plants. Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization. Endosperm–its development and function. Patterns of embryo development. Polymbryony, apoxmix, Applications of palynology. 4. Plant Utility and Exploitation: Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov's centres of origin. Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibres, spices, beverages, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes. Latex, cellulose Starch and their products. Perfumery. Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context. Energy plantation. Botanical Gardens and Herbaria. 5. Morphogenesis: Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and differentiation. Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatic hybrids and Cybrids.
PAPER-II 1. Cell Biology: Techniques of Cell Biology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells -structural and ultrastructural details. Structure and function of extracellular matrix or ECM (cell wall) and membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport. Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, hydrogenosome). Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex. Chromatin and nucleosome. Cell signalling and cell receptors. Signal transduction (G-1 proteins, etc.). Mitosis and meisdosis; molecular basis of cell cycle. Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance. Study of polytene, lampbrush and B-chromosomes–structure, behaviour and significance. 2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution: Development of genetics, and gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles). Quantitative genetics and multiple factors. Linkage and crossing over–methods of gene mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping function). Sex chromosomes and sexlinked inheritance, sex determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation. Mutation (biochemical and molecular basis). Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility). Prions and prion hypothesis. Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and protines. Genetic code and regulation of gene expression. Multigene families. Organic evolution-evidences, mechanism and theories. Role of RNA in origin and evolution. 3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics: Methods of plant breeding -- introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method). Male sterility and heterosis breeding. Use of apomixis in plant breeding. Micropropagation and genetic engineering–methods of transfer of genes and transgenic crops; development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV). Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square tests). Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson distributions). Correlation and regression. 4. Physiology and Biochemistry: Water relations, Mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies. Photosynthesis–photochemical reactions, photophosphorylation and carbon pathways including C pathway (photorespiration), C, C and CAM pathways. Respiraion (anaerobic and aerobic, including fermentation–electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes, energy transfer and energy conservation. Importance of secondary metabolites. Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome). Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescence. Growth substances-their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture, growth indices, growth movements. Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal). Fruit and seed physiology. Dormancy, storage and germination of seed. Fruit ripening -- its molecular basis and manipulation. 5. Ecology and Plant Geography: Ecological factors. Concepts and dynamics of community. Plant succession. Concepts of biosphere. Ecosystems and their conservation. Pollution and its control (including phytoremediaion). Forest types of India -- afforestation, deforestation and social forestry. Endangered plants, endemism and Red Data Books. Biodiversity. Convention of Biological Diversity, Sovereign Rights and Intellectual Property Rights. Biogeochemical cells. Global warming.
Paper-I 1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology: Viruses, bacteria, and plasmids-structure and reproduction. General account of infection, Phytoimmunology. Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and pollution control in air, soil and water. Important plant diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes. Mode of infection and dissemination. Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance/defence. Physiology of parasitism and control measures. Fungal toxins. 2. Cryptogams: Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes-structure and reproduction from evolutionary viewpoint. Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their economic potential. 3. Phanerogams: Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymonosperms. Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms. Salient features of Cycadales, Conferrals and Gnetales, their structures and reproduction. General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales. Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogeny. Comparative account of various systems of Angiosperm Classiification. Study of angiospermic families–Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae (Cruci-ferae), Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocar-paceae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solana-ceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae (Composite), Poaceae (Gramineae), Arecaceae (Palmae), Liliaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae. Stomata and their types. Anomalous secondary growth, Anatomy of C 3 and C 4 plants. Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization. Endosperm–its development and function. Patterns of embryo development. Polymbryony, apoxmix, Applications of palynology. 4. Plant Utility and Exploitation: Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov's centres of origin. Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibres, spices, beverages, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes. Latex, cellulose Starch and their products. Perfumery. Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context. Energy plantation. Botanical Gardens and Herbaria. 5. Morphogenesis: Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and differentiation. Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatic hybrids and Cybrids.
PAPER-II 1. Cell Biology: Techniques of Cell Biology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells -structural and ultrastructural details. Structure and function of extracellular matrix or ECM (cell wall) and membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport. Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, hydrogenosome). Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex. Chromatin and nucleosome. Cell signalling and cell receptors. Signal transduction (G-1 proteins, etc.). Mitosis and meisdosis; molecular basis of cell cycle. Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance. Study of polytene, lampbrush and B-chromosomes–structure, behaviour and significance. 2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution: Development of genetics, and gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles). Quantitative genetics and multiple factors. Linkage and crossing over–methods of gene mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping function). Sex chromosomes and sexlinked inheritance, sex determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation. Mutation (biochemical and molecular basis). Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility). Prions and prion hypothesis. Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and protines. Genetic code and regulation of gene expression. Multigene families. Organic evolution-evidences, mechanism and theories. Role of RNA in origin and evolution. 3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics: Methods of plant breeding -- introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method). Male sterility and heterosis breeding. Use of apomixis in plant breeding. Micropropagation and genetic engineering–methods of transfer of genes and transgenic crops; development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV). Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square tests). Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson distributions). Correlation and regression. 4. Physiology and Biochemistry: Water relations, Mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies. Photosynthesis–photochemical reactions, photophosphorylation and carbon pathways including C pathway (photorespiration), C, C and CAM pathways. Respiraion (anaerobic and aerobic, including fermentation–electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes, energy transfer and energy conservation. Importance of secondary metabolites. Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome). Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescence. Growth substances-their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture, growth indices, growth movements. Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal). Fruit and seed physiology. Dormancy, storage and germination of seed. Fruit ripening -- its molecular basis and manipulation. 5. Ecology and Plant Geography: Ecological factors. Concepts and dynamics of community. Plant succession. Concepts of biosphere. Ecosystems and their conservation. Pollution and its control (including phytoremediaion). Forest types of India -- afforestation, deforestation and social forestry. Endangered plants, endemism and Red Data Books. Biodiversity. Convention of Biological Diversity, Sovereign Rights and Intellectual Property Rights. Biogeochemical cells. Global warming.
SOME TOPIC OF G.S.
INDIA IN SPACE Chronology :-
1962 - Department of Atomoc Energy formed Indian National Committee for Space Research, INCOSPAR. Thumba of Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, TERLS started.
1963 - India’s first sounding rocket launched from TERLS.
1965 - Space Science and Technology Centre, SSTC at Thumba
1967 - Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station at Ahmedabad
1968 - TERLS dedicated to the United Nations Organization.
1969 - Indian Space Research, ISRO under DAE
1972 - Space Commission and Department of Space.ISRO brought under Department of Space.
1975 - Aryabhat, first Indian satellite launched by ISRO.
1977 - Satellite Telecommunication Experiments Project.
1979 - Experimental SLV3 launched but could not be placed in orbit.Experimental earth observation BhASKARA-I launched.
1980 - Second experimental SLV3 placed in orbit.
1981 - Experimental geo stationary satellite APPLE launched.Bhaskara-II launched.RS D1 placed in orbit.First developmental SLV3 launched.
1982 - INSAT 1A launched and later deactivated.INSAT 1B launched.
1983 - RS D2 launched in orbit.Second developmental SLV3 launched.
1984 - Indo-Soviet manned space mission.
1987 - First developmental ASLV with SROSS 1 launched. Could not be placed in orbit.
1988 - INSAT 1C launched, later abandoned.First Operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1A launched.Second developmental ASLV with SROSS 2 launched, could not be placed in orbit.
1990 - INSAT 1D launched.
1991 - Second operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1B launched.
1992 - First indigenously built second generation Indian satellite INSAT 2A launched.Third developmental ASLV with SROSS C placed in orbit.
1993 - INSAT 2B launched.First developmental PSLV with IRS 1E launched, could not be placed in orbit.
1994 - Fourth developmental ASLV with SROSS C2 placed in orbit.Second developmental PSLV with IRS P2 placed in polar sunsynchronous orbit.
1995 - INSAT 2C launched.Third operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1C launched.
1996 - INSAT 2C launched.Third developmental PSLV with IRS P3 placed in polar sunsynchronous orbit.
1997 - INSAT 2D launched and later abandoned.First operational PSLV with IRS 1D placed in orbit.
1998 - ARABSAT 1C changed to INSAT 2DT.
1999 - INSAT 2E launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.IRS P4 (OCEANSAT) launched by PSLV C2 alongwith KITSAT 3, Korea and DLR TUBSAT, Germany from Sriharikota
2000 - INSAT 3B, third satellite, launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.
2001 - First developmental GSLV D1 with GSAT 1 launched.Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) of ISRO, BIRD of Germany and PROBA of Belgium launched in respective orbits by PSLV C3 of ISRO.
2002 - KALPANA 1 launched by PSLV C4 from Sriharikota
2003 - INSAT 3A launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.Second developmental GSLV D2 with GSAT 2 launched form SriharikotaINSAT 3E launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.IRS P6 (RESOURCESAT 1) launched by PSLV C5 from Sriharikota.
2004 - First operational GSLV F01 launched EDUSAT from Sriharikota.
2005 - CARTOSAT 1 and HAMSAT launched by PSLV C6 from Sriharikota.INSAT 4A launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.
2006 -INSAT 4C launched by GSLV F02 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, mission failed.
INDO-US 123 AGREEMENT
4 The agreement tends to carve out a special place for India in the restructuring of Power Balance in the Asian region in particular and in the international perspective as a whole.
4 Fuel supply provisions :-
Uninterrupted fuel supply for India’s civilian nuclear programme.
Help India to develop a strategic reserve of nuclear fuel.
If supplies interrupted, US will help restoring it with the help of the supplier countries such as UK, France, and Russia.
India retains the right to take corrective measures to ensure uninterrupted operation of civilian nuclear reactors if foreign fuel supply gets disrupted.
4 Provisions for reprocessing of supplied materials :-
India permitted to reprocess the nuclear material acquired through the deal and to access the reprocessing technologies.
Under IAEA safeguards India to set up a new national nuclear material reprocessing facility.
Arrangement and facilities for physical protection, storage and environmental protection to be finalized.
4 Right to return of nuclear fuels :-
Article 14 of the draft grants US the right to require the return of nuclear material, equipment transferred under this agreement and special fissile material produced i.e. plutonium from the reprocessing of the US origin spent fuel.
Fair market value compensation to be agreed upon through a process of consultation and paid to India before return of any item.
India to sign a separate protocol with IAEA for safeguarding, monitoring and surveillance of the proposed fuel reserve facility as well as the reprocessing facilities.
4 Provisions for termination of cooperation :-
Provision of termination and cessation of cooperation at a year’s written notice along with reasons followed by consultation.
Nuclear test, diversion of fuel for military purposes, violation of IAEA safeguard agreement may make the ground for termination of cooperation.
1962 - Department of Atomoc Energy formed Indian National Committee for Space Research, INCOSPAR. Thumba of Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, TERLS started.
1963 - India’s first sounding rocket launched from TERLS.
1965 - Space Science and Technology Centre, SSTC at Thumba
1967 - Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station at Ahmedabad
1968 - TERLS dedicated to the United Nations Organization.
1969 - Indian Space Research, ISRO under DAE
1972 - Space Commission and Department of Space.ISRO brought under Department of Space.
1975 - Aryabhat, first Indian satellite launched by ISRO.
1977 - Satellite Telecommunication Experiments Project.
1979 - Experimental SLV3 launched but could not be placed in orbit.Experimental earth observation BhASKARA-I launched.
1980 - Second experimental SLV3 placed in orbit.
1981 - Experimental geo stationary satellite APPLE launched.Bhaskara-II launched.RS D1 placed in orbit.First developmental SLV3 launched.
1982 - INSAT 1A launched and later deactivated.INSAT 1B launched.
1983 - RS D2 launched in orbit.Second developmental SLV3 launched.
1984 - Indo-Soviet manned space mission.
1987 - First developmental ASLV with SROSS 1 launched. Could not be placed in orbit.
1988 - INSAT 1C launched, later abandoned.First Operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1A launched.Second developmental ASLV with SROSS 2 launched, could not be placed in orbit.
1990 - INSAT 1D launched.
1991 - Second operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1B launched.
1992 - First indigenously built second generation Indian satellite INSAT 2A launched.Third developmental ASLV with SROSS C placed in orbit.
1993 - INSAT 2B launched.First developmental PSLV with IRS 1E launched, could not be placed in orbit.
1994 - Fourth developmental ASLV with SROSS C2 placed in orbit.Second developmental PSLV with IRS P2 placed in polar sunsynchronous orbit.
1995 - INSAT 2C launched.Third operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1C launched.
1996 - INSAT 2C launched.Third developmental PSLV with IRS P3 placed in polar sunsynchronous orbit.
1997 - INSAT 2D launched and later abandoned.First operational PSLV with IRS 1D placed in orbit.
1998 - ARABSAT 1C changed to INSAT 2DT.
1999 - INSAT 2E launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.IRS P4 (OCEANSAT) launched by PSLV C2 alongwith KITSAT 3, Korea and DLR TUBSAT, Germany from Sriharikota
2000 - INSAT 3B, third satellite, launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.
2001 - First developmental GSLV D1 with GSAT 1 launched.Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) of ISRO, BIRD of Germany and PROBA of Belgium launched in respective orbits by PSLV C3 of ISRO.
2002 - KALPANA 1 launched by PSLV C4 from Sriharikota
2003 - INSAT 3A launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.Second developmental GSLV D2 with GSAT 2 launched form SriharikotaINSAT 3E launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.IRS P6 (RESOURCESAT 1) launched by PSLV C5 from Sriharikota.
2004 - First operational GSLV F01 launched EDUSAT from Sriharikota.
2005 - CARTOSAT 1 and HAMSAT launched by PSLV C6 from Sriharikota.INSAT 4A launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.
2006 -INSAT 4C launched by GSLV F02 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, mission failed.
INDO-US 123 AGREEMENT
4 The agreement tends to carve out a special place for India in the restructuring of Power Balance in the Asian region in particular and in the international perspective as a whole.
4 Fuel supply provisions :-
Uninterrupted fuel supply for India’s civilian nuclear programme.
Help India to develop a strategic reserve of nuclear fuel.
If supplies interrupted, US will help restoring it with the help of the supplier countries such as UK, France, and Russia.
India retains the right to take corrective measures to ensure uninterrupted operation of civilian nuclear reactors if foreign fuel supply gets disrupted.
4 Provisions for reprocessing of supplied materials :-
India permitted to reprocess the nuclear material acquired through the deal and to access the reprocessing technologies.
Under IAEA safeguards India to set up a new national nuclear material reprocessing facility.
Arrangement and facilities for physical protection, storage and environmental protection to be finalized.
4 Right to return of nuclear fuels :-
Article 14 of the draft grants US the right to require the return of nuclear material, equipment transferred under this agreement and special fissile material produced i.e. plutonium from the reprocessing of the US origin spent fuel.
Fair market value compensation to be agreed upon through a process of consultation and paid to India before return of any item.
India to sign a separate protocol with IAEA for safeguarding, monitoring and surveillance of the proposed fuel reserve facility as well as the reprocessing facilities.
4 Provisions for termination of cooperation :-
Provision of termination and cessation of cooperation at a year’s written notice along with reasons followed by consultation.
Nuclear test, diversion of fuel for military purposes, violation of IAEA safeguard agreement may make the ground for termination of cooperation.
B.P.S.C. SYLLABUS FOR MAINS EXAM
AGRICULTURE
PAPER-I
Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth, impact of changing environment on cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans. Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of multiple cropping, multistory, relay and intercropping and their importance in relation to food production. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar, commercial and fodder crops grown during Kharif and Rabi seasons in different regions of the country.
Important features, scope and propagation of various types of forestry plantations such as extension, social forestry, agro-forestry and natural forests.
Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological and chemical control of weeds.
Soil-physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Modem classification of Indian soils, Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility and its evaluation for judicious fertiliser use, integrated nutrient management. Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Fixation of phosphorus and potassium in soils and the scope for their efficient use. Problem of soils and their reclamation methods.
Soil conservation planning on watershed basis. Erosion and run-off I management in hilly, foot hills and valley lands; processes and factors I affecting them. Dryland agriculture and its problems. Technology of stabilising agriculture production in rainfed agriculture area.
Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-logged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution.
Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resources use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems.
Marketing and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs, price fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them.
Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; farm mechanization and its role in agricultural production and rural employment. Training programmes for extension works; lab-to-land programmes.
AGRICULTURE
PAPER-II
Cell Theory, cell structure, cell organelles and their function, cell division, nucleic acids–structure and function, gene structure and function. Laws of heredity, their significance in plant breeding. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and a euploid. Mutation-micro and macro–and their role in crop improvement Variation, components of variation. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility classification and their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.
History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin and evolution of crop plants, centre of origin, law of homologous series, crop genetic resources-conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding to the improvement of major field crops. Pur-line selection, pedigree, mass and recurrent selections combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Hybrid vigour and its exploitation, backcross method of breeding, breeding for disease and pest resistance, role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of biotechnology in plant breeding. Improved varieties, hybrids, composites of various crop plants.
Seed technology, its importance. Different kinds of seeds and their seed production and processing techniques. Role of public and private sectors in seed production, processing and marketing in India.
Physiology and its significance in agriculture. Imbibition, surface tension, diffusion and osmosis. Absorption and translocation of water, transpiration and water economy.
Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis–modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and non-aerobic respiration; C, C and CAM mechanisms; Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Auxins, hormones and other plant regulators and their mechanism of action and importance in agriculture. Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy.
Climatic requirements and cultivation of major fruits, plants, Vegetable crops and flower plants; the package of practices and their scientific basis. Handling and marketing problems of fruits and vegetables. Principal methods of preservation of important fruits and vegetable products, processing techniques and, equipment. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition. Raising of ornamental plants and design and layout of lawns and gardens.
Diseases and pests of field vegetables, orchard and plantation crops of India. Causes and classification of plants pests and diseases. Principles of control of plant pests and diseases. Biological control of pests and diseases. Integrated pest and disease management. Epidemiology and forecasting.
Pesticides, their formulations and modes of action. Compatibility with rhizobial inoculants. Microbial toxins.
Storage pests and diseases of cereals and pulses and their control.
Food production and consumption trends in India. National and international food policies. Production, procurement, distribution and processing constraints. Relation of food production to national dietary pattern, major deficiencies of calorie and protein.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
PAPER-I
Animal Nutrition :- Energy sources, energy, metabolism and requirements for maintenance and production of milk, meat, eggs and wool, Evaluation of feeds as sources of energy.
Trends in protein nutrition - Sources of protein metabolism and synthesis, protein quantity and quality in relation to requirements. Energy protein ratios in ration.
Minerals in animal diet - Sources, functions, requirements and their relationship of the basic minerals nutrients including trace elements.
Vitamins, Hormones and Growth Stimulating, substances - Sources, functions, requirements and inter-relationship with minerals.
Advances in Ruminant Nutrition-Dairy Cattle - Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to milk production and its composition. Nutrient requirements for calves, heifers, dry and milking cows and buffaloes. Limitations of various feeding systems.
Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Poultry - Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to poultry, meat and egg production, Nutrients requirements and feed formulation and broilers of different ages.
Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Swine - Nutrients and their metabolism with special reference to growth and quality of meat production. Nutrient requirement and feed formulation for baby-growing and finishing pigs.
Advances in Applied Animal Nutrition - A critical review and evaluation of feeding experiments, digestibility and balance studies. Feeding standards and measures of food energy, Nutrition requirements for growth, maintenance and production. Balanced rations.
Animal Physiology :-
Growth and Animal Production - Prenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth curves, measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.
Milk Production and Reproduction and Digestion - Current status of hormonal control of mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection. Male and Female reproduction organs, their components and function. Digestive organs and their functions.
Environmental Physiology - Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaptation, environmental factors and regulatory mechanism involved in animal behaviour, methods of controlling climatic stress.
Semen Quality - Preservation and Artificial insemination, Components of semen, composition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality preservation, composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques in cows, sheep and goats, swine and poultry.
Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception.
Livestock Production and Management :-
Commercial Dairy Farming - Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under fixed farming and as a specialised farming, economic dairy farming, Starting of a dairy farm. Capital and land requirement, organisation of the dairy farm. ”
Procurement of goods - opportunities in dairy farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal, Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production; pricing policy; Personnel Management. Developing practical and economic ration for dairy cattle; Supply of greens throughout the year, field and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm. Feeding regimes for day and young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animal’s new trends in feeding young and adult stock. Feeding records.
Commercial meat, egg and wool production - Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimens for young and mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirements and socio-economic concept.
Feeding - and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities.
Genetics and Animal Breeding :-
Mitosis and Meiosis - Mendelian inheritance, deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over, Sex determination, sex influenced and sex limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome abberations; Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis; Recombinant DNA technology, Mutations, types of mutations, methods for mutations and mutation rate.
Population Genetics Applied to Animal Breeding – Quantitative Vs qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding; methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, systems of inbreeding Effective population size; Breeding value estimation of breeding value, dominance and epistatic deviation; partitioning of variation; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction; Role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.
Breeding Systems - Heritability; repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within family selection; Progeny testing; Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and Correlated response; inbreeding, upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for threshold character.
PAPER-II
Health and Hygiene :
Histology and Histological Techniques - Stains-Chemical classification of stains used in biological work-principles of staining tissues-mordants-progressive & regressive stains differential staining of cytoplasmic and connective tissue elements-Methods of preparation and processing of tissues-celloidin embedding-Freezing microtomy Microscopy-Bright field microscope and electron microscope. Cytology structure of cell, organelles & inclusions; cell division-cell types. Tissues and their classification-embryonic and adult tissues-Comparative histology of organs-vascular, nervous,digestive, respiratory, musculo-skeletal and urogenital systems-Endocrine glands-Integuments-sense organs.
Embryology - Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals-gametogenesis-fertilization-germ layers-foetal membranes & placentation-types of placenta in domestic mammals -Teratology-twins &twinning-organogenesis-germ layer derivatives endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivatives.
Bovine Anatomy-Regional Anatomy - Paranasal sinuses of OX-surface anatomy of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary mandibuloalveolar, mental & coronnal nerve block-Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudental nerve, median, ulnar & radial nerves-tibial, fibular and digital nerves-Cranial nerves-structures involved in epidural anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities comparative features of locomotor apparatus and their application in the biomechanics of mammalian body.
Anatomy of Forms - Musculo-skeletal system-functional anatomy in relation to respiration and flying, digestion and egg production.
Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion, Endocrine glands in health and disease.
Blood constituents - Properties and functions-blood cell formation-Haemoglobin synthesis and chemistry-plasma proteins production, classification and properties; coagulation of blood; Haemorrhagic disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-Blood volume-Plasma expanders-Buffer systems in blood. Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis.
Circulation - Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle-heart sounds, heart beat, lectrocardiograms, Work and efficiency of heart-effect of ions on heart function-metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and chemical regulation of heart, effect of temperature and stress on heart, blood pressure and hypertension. Osmotic regulation arterial pulse,vasomotor regulation of circulation shock. Coronary & pulmonary circulation-Blood-Brain barrier Cerebrospinal fluid-circulation in birds.
Respiration - Mechanism of respiration, Transport and exchange of gases-neural control of respiration-chemoreceptors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.
Excretion - Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine methods of studying renal function-renal regulation of acid-base balance. Physiological constituents of urine-renal failure-passive venous congestion-Urinary recreation “in chicken-Sweat glands and their function. Biochemical tests for urinary dysfunction.
Endocrine glands - Functional disorders, their symptoms and diagnosis. Synthesis of hormones, mechanism and control of secretion, hormonal receptors-classification and function.
General knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutics of drugs - Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and pharmaco-kinetics-Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance-drugs acting on Autonomic nervous system- Modern concepts of anaesthesia and dissociative anaesthetics Autocoids-Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial injections-use of hormones in therapeutics-chemotherapy of parasitic infections-Drug and economic persons in the Edible tissues of animals chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases.
Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation - Assessment of pollution of water, air and oil-importance of climate in animals health-effect of environment on animal function and performance-relationship between industrialisation and animal agriculture animal housing requirements for specific categories of domestic nimals viz.pregnant cows&cows milking cows, broiler birds-stress, strain &productivity in relation to animal habitation.
Animal Diseases:
Pathogenesis, symptoms, postmortum lesions, diagnosis, and control of infection diseases of cattle, pigs and poultry, horses, sheep and goats.
Etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of production diseases of cattle, pig and poultry.
Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds.
Diagnosis and treatment of non-specific condition like impaction, Bloat, Diarrhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisioning.
Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
Principles and methods of immunisation of animals against specific diseases-hard immunity-disease free zones-zero disease concept chemo-prophylaxis.
Anaesthesia-local, regional and general-preanaesthetic medication, symptoms and surgical interference in fractures and dislocation, Hernia, choking, abomassal displacement-Caesarian operations, Rumenotomy Castrations.
Disease investigation techniques-Materials for laboratory investigation-Establishment Animal Health Centres-Disease free zone.
Veterinary Public Health:
Zoonoses - Classification, definition; role of animals and birds in prevalence and transmission of zoonotic diseases-occupational zoonotic diseases.
Epidemiology - Principles, definition of epidermiological terms, application of epidermiological measures in the study of diseases and disease control, Epidermiological features of air, water and food borne infections.
Veterinary Jurisprudence - Rules and Regulations for improvement of animal quality and prevention of animal diseases-state and control. Rules for prevention of animal and animal product borne diseases S. P. C. A- Veterolegal cases-certificates-Materials and Methods of collection of sampks for veterolegal investigation.
Milk and Milk Products Technology:
Milk Technology - Organization of rural milk procurement, collection and transport of raw milk.
Quality, testing and grading raw milk, Quality storage grades of whole milk, Skimmed milk and cream.
Processing, packaging, storing, distributing, marketing defects and their control and nutritive properties of the following milks; Pasteurized, standardized, toned, double toned, sterilized, homogenized, reconstituted, recombined and flavoured milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management, youghurt, Oahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of flavoured and sterlized milks. Legal standards, Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.
Milk Products Technology - Selection of raw materials, assembling, production, processing, storing, distributing and marketing milk products such as Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese; Condensed, evaporated, dried milk and baby food; Icecream and Kulfi; by products; whey products. butter milk, lactose and casein. Testing, Grading, judging milk products-BIS and Agmark specifications, legal standards, quality control nutritive properties. Packaging, processing and operational control Costs.
Meat Hygiene and Technology :
Meat Hygiene - Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning, slaughter and dressing operations; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgment of carcass meat cuts-drading of carcass meat cuts-duties and functions of Veterinarians in Wholesome meat production.
Hygienic methods of handling production of meat-spoilage of meat and control measures-Post slaughter physicochemical changes in meat and factors that influence them-Quality improvement methods-Adulteration of meat and defection-Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and Industry.
Meat Technology:
Physical and chemical characteristics of meat - meat emulsions methods of preservation of meat-curing, canning, irradiation, packaging of meat and meat products; meat products and formulations.
Byproducts - Slaughter house by products and their utilisation. Edible and inedible by products-social and economic implications of proper utilisation of slaughter house byproducts-Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals.
Poultry Products Technology - Chemical nutritive value of poultry meat, pre slaughter care composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre-slaughter care and management.
Slaughtering techniques, inspection, preservation of poultry meat, and products. Legal and BIS standards.
Structure, composition and nutritive value of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products.
Rabbit/Fur Animal farming – Care and management of rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and recycling of waste byproducts. Grading of wool.
Extension - Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and principles of extension. Different Methods adopted to educate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer and feedback. Problems of constraints in transfer of technology. Animal husbandry programmes for rural development.
PAPER-I
Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth, impact of changing environment on cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans. Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of multiple cropping, multistory, relay and intercropping and their importance in relation to food production. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar, commercial and fodder crops grown during Kharif and Rabi seasons in different regions of the country.
Important features, scope and propagation of various types of forestry plantations such as extension, social forestry, agro-forestry and natural forests.
Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological and chemical control of weeds.
Soil-physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Modem classification of Indian soils, Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility and its evaluation for judicious fertiliser use, integrated nutrient management. Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Fixation of phosphorus and potassium in soils and the scope for their efficient use. Problem of soils and their reclamation methods.
Soil conservation planning on watershed basis. Erosion and run-off I management in hilly, foot hills and valley lands; processes and factors I affecting them. Dryland agriculture and its problems. Technology of stabilising agriculture production in rainfed agriculture area.
Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-logged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution.
Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resources use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems.
Marketing and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs, price fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them.
Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; farm mechanization and its role in agricultural production and rural employment. Training programmes for extension works; lab-to-land programmes.
AGRICULTURE
PAPER-II
Cell Theory, cell structure, cell organelles and their function, cell division, nucleic acids–structure and function, gene structure and function. Laws of heredity, their significance in plant breeding. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and a euploid. Mutation-micro and macro–and their role in crop improvement Variation, components of variation. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility classification and their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.
History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin and evolution of crop plants, centre of origin, law of homologous series, crop genetic resources-conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding to the improvement of major field crops. Pur-line selection, pedigree, mass and recurrent selections combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Hybrid vigour and its exploitation, backcross method of breeding, breeding for disease and pest resistance, role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of biotechnology in plant breeding. Improved varieties, hybrids, composites of various crop plants.
Seed technology, its importance. Different kinds of seeds and their seed production and processing techniques. Role of public and private sectors in seed production, processing and marketing in India.
Physiology and its significance in agriculture. Imbibition, surface tension, diffusion and osmosis. Absorption and translocation of water, transpiration and water economy.
Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis–modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and non-aerobic respiration; C, C and CAM mechanisms; Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Auxins, hormones and other plant regulators and their mechanism of action and importance in agriculture. Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy.
Climatic requirements and cultivation of major fruits, plants, Vegetable crops and flower plants; the package of practices and their scientific basis. Handling and marketing problems of fruits and vegetables. Principal methods of preservation of important fruits and vegetable products, processing techniques and, equipment. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition. Raising of ornamental plants and design and layout of lawns and gardens.
Diseases and pests of field vegetables, orchard and plantation crops of India. Causes and classification of plants pests and diseases. Principles of control of plant pests and diseases. Biological control of pests and diseases. Integrated pest and disease management. Epidemiology and forecasting.
Pesticides, their formulations and modes of action. Compatibility with rhizobial inoculants. Microbial toxins.
Storage pests and diseases of cereals and pulses and their control.
Food production and consumption trends in India. National and international food policies. Production, procurement, distribution and processing constraints. Relation of food production to national dietary pattern, major deficiencies of calorie and protein.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
PAPER-I
Animal Nutrition :- Energy sources, energy, metabolism and requirements for maintenance and production of milk, meat, eggs and wool, Evaluation of feeds as sources of energy.
Trends in protein nutrition - Sources of protein metabolism and synthesis, protein quantity and quality in relation to requirements. Energy protein ratios in ration.
Minerals in animal diet - Sources, functions, requirements and their relationship of the basic minerals nutrients including trace elements.
Vitamins, Hormones and Growth Stimulating, substances - Sources, functions, requirements and inter-relationship with minerals.
Advances in Ruminant Nutrition-Dairy Cattle - Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to milk production and its composition. Nutrient requirements for calves, heifers, dry and milking cows and buffaloes. Limitations of various feeding systems.
Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Poultry - Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to poultry, meat and egg production, Nutrients requirements and feed formulation and broilers of different ages.
Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Swine - Nutrients and their metabolism with special reference to growth and quality of meat production. Nutrient requirement and feed formulation for baby-growing and finishing pigs.
Advances in Applied Animal Nutrition - A critical review and evaluation of feeding experiments, digestibility and balance studies. Feeding standards and measures of food energy, Nutrition requirements for growth, maintenance and production. Balanced rations.
Animal Physiology :-
Growth and Animal Production - Prenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth curves, measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.
Milk Production and Reproduction and Digestion - Current status of hormonal control of mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection. Male and Female reproduction organs, their components and function. Digestive organs and their functions.
Environmental Physiology - Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaptation, environmental factors and regulatory mechanism involved in animal behaviour, methods of controlling climatic stress.
Semen Quality - Preservation and Artificial insemination, Components of semen, composition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality preservation, composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques in cows, sheep and goats, swine and poultry.
Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception.
Livestock Production and Management :-
Commercial Dairy Farming - Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under fixed farming and as a specialised farming, economic dairy farming, Starting of a dairy farm. Capital and land requirement, organisation of the dairy farm. ”
Procurement of goods - opportunities in dairy farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal, Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production; pricing policy; Personnel Management. Developing practical and economic ration for dairy cattle; Supply of greens throughout the year, field and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm. Feeding regimes for day and young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animal’s new trends in feeding young and adult stock. Feeding records.
Commercial meat, egg and wool production - Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimens for young and mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirements and socio-economic concept.
Feeding - and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities.
Genetics and Animal Breeding :-
Mitosis and Meiosis - Mendelian inheritance, deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over, Sex determination, sex influenced and sex limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome abberations; Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis; Recombinant DNA technology, Mutations, types of mutations, methods for mutations and mutation rate.
Population Genetics Applied to Animal Breeding – Quantitative Vs qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding; methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, systems of inbreeding Effective population size; Breeding value estimation of breeding value, dominance and epistatic deviation; partitioning of variation; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction; Role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.
Breeding Systems - Heritability; repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within family selection; Progeny testing; Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and Correlated response; inbreeding, upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for threshold character.
PAPER-II
Health and Hygiene :
Histology and Histological Techniques - Stains-Chemical classification of stains used in biological work-principles of staining tissues-mordants-progressive & regressive stains differential staining of cytoplasmic and connective tissue elements-Methods of preparation and processing of tissues-celloidin embedding-Freezing microtomy Microscopy-Bright field microscope and electron microscope. Cytology structure of cell, organelles & inclusions; cell division-cell types. Tissues and their classification-embryonic and adult tissues-Comparative histology of organs-vascular, nervous,digestive, respiratory, musculo-skeletal and urogenital systems-Endocrine glands-Integuments-sense organs.
Embryology - Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals-gametogenesis-fertilization-germ layers-foetal membranes & placentation-types of placenta in domestic mammals -Teratology-twins &twinning-organogenesis-germ layer derivatives endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivatives.
Bovine Anatomy-Regional Anatomy - Paranasal sinuses of OX-surface anatomy of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary mandibuloalveolar, mental & coronnal nerve block-Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudental nerve, median, ulnar & radial nerves-tibial, fibular and digital nerves-Cranial nerves-structures involved in epidural anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities comparative features of locomotor apparatus and their application in the biomechanics of mammalian body.
Anatomy of Forms - Musculo-skeletal system-functional anatomy in relation to respiration and flying, digestion and egg production.
Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion, Endocrine glands in health and disease.
Blood constituents - Properties and functions-blood cell formation-Haemoglobin synthesis and chemistry-plasma proteins production, classification and properties; coagulation of blood; Haemorrhagic disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-Blood volume-Plasma expanders-Buffer systems in blood. Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis.
Circulation - Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle-heart sounds, heart beat, lectrocardiograms, Work and efficiency of heart-effect of ions on heart function-metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and chemical regulation of heart, effect of temperature and stress on heart, blood pressure and hypertension. Osmotic regulation arterial pulse,vasomotor regulation of circulation shock. Coronary & pulmonary circulation-Blood-Brain barrier Cerebrospinal fluid-circulation in birds.
Respiration - Mechanism of respiration, Transport and exchange of gases-neural control of respiration-chemoreceptors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.
Excretion - Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine methods of studying renal function-renal regulation of acid-base balance. Physiological constituents of urine-renal failure-passive venous congestion-Urinary recreation “in chicken-Sweat glands and their function. Biochemical tests for urinary dysfunction.
Endocrine glands - Functional disorders, their symptoms and diagnosis. Synthesis of hormones, mechanism and control of secretion, hormonal receptors-classification and function.
General knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutics of drugs - Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and pharmaco-kinetics-Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance-drugs acting on Autonomic nervous system- Modern concepts of anaesthesia and dissociative anaesthetics Autocoids-Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial injections-use of hormones in therapeutics-chemotherapy of parasitic infections-Drug and economic persons in the Edible tissues of animals chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases.
Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation - Assessment of pollution of water, air and oil-importance of climate in animals health-effect of environment on animal function and performance-relationship between industrialisation and animal agriculture animal housing requirements for specific categories of domestic nimals viz.pregnant cows&cows milking cows, broiler birds-stress, strain &productivity in relation to animal habitation.
Animal Diseases:
Pathogenesis, symptoms, postmortum lesions, diagnosis, and control of infection diseases of cattle, pigs and poultry, horses, sheep and goats.
Etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of production diseases of cattle, pig and poultry.
Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds.
Diagnosis and treatment of non-specific condition like impaction, Bloat, Diarrhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisioning.
Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
Principles and methods of immunisation of animals against specific diseases-hard immunity-disease free zones-zero disease concept chemo-prophylaxis.
Anaesthesia-local, regional and general-preanaesthetic medication, symptoms and surgical interference in fractures and dislocation, Hernia, choking, abomassal displacement-Caesarian operations, Rumenotomy Castrations.
Disease investigation techniques-Materials for laboratory investigation-Establishment Animal Health Centres-Disease free zone.
Veterinary Public Health:
Zoonoses - Classification, definition; role of animals and birds in prevalence and transmission of zoonotic diseases-occupational zoonotic diseases.
Epidemiology - Principles, definition of epidermiological terms, application of epidermiological measures in the study of diseases and disease control, Epidermiological features of air, water and food borne infections.
Veterinary Jurisprudence - Rules and Regulations for improvement of animal quality and prevention of animal diseases-state and control. Rules for prevention of animal and animal product borne diseases S. P. C. A- Veterolegal cases-certificates-Materials and Methods of collection of sampks for veterolegal investigation.
Milk and Milk Products Technology:
Milk Technology - Organization of rural milk procurement, collection and transport of raw milk.
Quality, testing and grading raw milk, Quality storage grades of whole milk, Skimmed milk and cream.
Processing, packaging, storing, distributing, marketing defects and their control and nutritive properties of the following milks; Pasteurized, standardized, toned, double toned, sterilized, homogenized, reconstituted, recombined and flavoured milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management, youghurt, Oahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of flavoured and sterlized milks. Legal standards, Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.
Milk Products Technology - Selection of raw materials, assembling, production, processing, storing, distributing and marketing milk products such as Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese; Condensed, evaporated, dried milk and baby food; Icecream and Kulfi; by products; whey products. butter milk, lactose and casein. Testing, Grading, judging milk products-BIS and Agmark specifications, legal standards, quality control nutritive properties. Packaging, processing and operational control Costs.
Meat Hygiene and Technology :
Meat Hygiene - Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning, slaughter and dressing operations; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgment of carcass meat cuts-drading of carcass meat cuts-duties and functions of Veterinarians in Wholesome meat production.
Hygienic methods of handling production of meat-spoilage of meat and control measures-Post slaughter physicochemical changes in meat and factors that influence them-Quality improvement methods-Adulteration of meat and defection-Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and Industry.
Meat Technology:
Physical and chemical characteristics of meat - meat emulsions methods of preservation of meat-curing, canning, irradiation, packaging of meat and meat products; meat products and formulations.
Byproducts - Slaughter house by products and their utilisation. Edible and inedible by products-social and economic implications of proper utilisation of slaughter house byproducts-Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals.
Poultry Products Technology - Chemical nutritive value of poultry meat, pre slaughter care composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre-slaughter care and management.
Slaughtering techniques, inspection, preservation of poultry meat, and products. Legal and BIS standards.
Structure, composition and nutritive value of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products.
Rabbit/Fur Animal farming – Care and management of rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and recycling of waste byproducts. Grading of wool.
Extension - Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and principles of extension. Different Methods adopted to educate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer and feedback. Problems of constraints in transfer of technology. Animal husbandry programmes for rural development.
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