Books For General Studies Preliminary IAS (General Studies)
Subject- Indian History
History books of Classes XI and XII - NCERT
Freedom Struggle (NET) - Bipin Chandra
Subject- World Geography - including Indian Geography
Principles of Geography (Class XII-Part I, II)
General Geography of India (Class XII) Part I - NCERT
Geography of India - Resources and Regional Development Part II (Class XII) - NCERT
Physical Geography - Leong
Atlas
Subject -Indian Polity
Introduction to Indian Constitution - D.D. Basu Related
Subject- Indian Economy
Evolution of Indian Economy - NCERT
Indian Economy - Dutt and Sundharam.
Indian Economy - Mishra and Puri
Subject - General Science
NCERT books on Science.
Science and Technology supplements in the Newspapers and magazines.
Subject -Current Events of National and International importance.
One major National Daily - Either The Times of India or The Hindu.
Newsweeklies like India Today or/and Outlook
Current Events - Spectrum
Subject -General Mental Ability
No special preparation is required in this area. But some practice may be done from any exercise books or quantitative aptitude. In fact, an intelligent calculation is the basic requirement for this topic.
Main (General Studies)
Subject- History of Modern India
India's struggle for Independence - Bipan Chandra and others.
Modern India - NCERT.
Freedom Struggle (NBT) - Bipan Chandra
Modern India - IGNOU
If one is hard pressed for time, he/she may
skip the Modern India and Freedom Struggle.
Subject -Indian Culture
Art and Culture portions of history books and Gazetteer of India.
Culture Chapter (s) in the India Year Book.
Encyclopaedia of Indian Culture. A good library invariably has more than one encyclopaedia on Indian Art and Culture selected notes may be taken from it.
Books on culture / cultural topics brought out by Publications Division of Ministry of Information and broadcasting and National Book Trust.
Subject- Current Affairs
At least one major national newspaper - either The Times of India or The Hindu
Newsweeklies like India Today or/and Outlook
Current Affairs and News Analysis of BBC.
Current events - Spectrum
Subject -Statistics
Book on Statistics (Class XI) - NCERT
Subject -Indian Polity and Constitution
Introduction to the Constitution of India - D.D. Basu.
Our Parliament - S.C. Kashyap
Subject -Indian Geography and Economy
Indian Geography (Class XI and XII) - NCERT
Yozna
Indian Economy - Dutt and Sundharam/Mishra and Puri
The editorial page of the Economic Times.
Subject -Science and Technology
Science and Technology section of the Wednesday edition of the newspaper 'The Hindu'.
Science and Technology Published by the Spectrum.
Yozna contains science and environment related topics.
20081119
Syllabus For CSIR NET/JRF of Life Science
PAPER I – SECTION B
1. Cell Biology: Structure and function of cells and intracellular organelles (of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes), mechanism of cell division (including mitosis and meiosis) cell differentiation: Cell-cell interaction malignant growth, immune response: Dosage compensation and mechanism of sex determination
2. Biochemistry: Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds; principles of physical chemistry: Thermodynamics, Kinetics, dissociation and association constants; Nucleic acid structure, genetic code, replication, transcription and translation: Structure, function and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; Enzymes and coenzyme; Respiration and photosynthesis.
3. Physiology: Response to stress: 'Active transport across membrane ; Plant and animal hormones: Nutrition (including vitamins); Reproduction in plants, microbes and animals.
4. Genetics: Principles of Mendelian inheritance, chromosome 'Structure and-function; Gene Structure and regulation of gene expression: Linkage and genetic mapping; Extrachromosomal inheritance (episomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts); Mutation: DNA damage and repair, chromosome aberration: Transposons; Sex-linked inheritance and genetic disorders; Somatic cell genetics; Genome organization (in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes).
5. Evolutionary Biology: Origin of life (including aspects of prebiotic environment and molecular evolution); Concepts of evolution; Theories of organic evolution; Mechanisms of speciation; Hardy Weinberg genetic equilibrium, genetic polymorphism and selection; Origin and evolution of economically important microbes, plants and animals.
6. Environmental Biology: Concept and dynamics or ecosystem, components, food chain and energy flow, productivity and biogeochemical cycles; Types of ecosystems, Population ecology and biological control;Community structure and organisation;Environmental pollutionSustainable development; Economic importance of microbes, plants and animals
7. Biodiversity and Taxonomy: Species concept; Biological nomenclature theories of biological classification, Structural biochemical and molecular systematic; DNA finger printing, numerical taxonomy, Biodiversity, characterization, generation maintenance and loss; Magnitude and distribution of biodiversity, economic value, wildlife biology, conservation strategies, cryopreservation.
PAPER II
1. Principles of Taxonomy as applied to the systemic and Classification of Plant Kingdom: Taxonomic structure; Biosystematics; Plant geography; Floristic.
2. Patterns of variation in morphology and life history in plants; Broad outlines of classification AND evolutionary trends among algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes; Principles of palaeobotany; Economic importance of algae, fungi and lichens.
3. Comparative anatomy and developmental morphology of gymnosperms and angiosperms; Histochemical and ultra structural aspects of development; Differentiation and morphogenesis.
4. Androgensis and gynogenesis; Breeding system; Pollination biology; structural and functional aspects of pollen and pistil; Male sterility; Self and inter-specific incompatibility; Fertilization; Embryo and seed development.
5. Plants and civilization; Centre of origin and gene diversity; Botany, utilization, cultivation and improvement of plants of food, drug, fiber and industrial values, Unexploited plants of potential economic value; Plants as a source of renewable energy; Genetic resources and their conservation.
6. Water Relation; Mineral nutrition; Photosynthesis and photorespiration; Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Sulphur metabolism; Stomatal physiology; Source and sink relationship.
7. Physiology and biochemistry and seed dormancy and germination; Hormonal regulation of growth and development; Photo regulation: Growth responses, Physiology of flowering: Senescence.
8. Principles of plant breeding; important conventional methods of breeding self and cross-pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops; Non conventional methods; Polyploidy: Genetic variability; Plant diseases and defensive
Mechanisms.
9. Principles of taxonomy as applied to the systematics and classification of the animal kingdom; Classification and interrelationship amongst the major invertebrate phyla; Minor invertebrate phyla, Functional anatomy of the Nonchordates; Larval forms and their evolutionary significance.
10. Classification and comparative anatomy of protochordates and chordates; Origin, evolution and distribution of Chordates groups: Adaptive radiation.
11. Histology of mammalian organ systems, nutrition, digestion and absorption; Circulation (open and closed circular, lymphatic systems, blood composition and function); Muscular contraction and electric organs; Excretion and osmoregulation: Nerve conduction and neurotransmitters; major sense organs and receptors; Homeostatis (neural and hormonal); Bioluminescence; Reproduction.
12. Gametogenesis in animals: Molecular events during fertilization, Cleavage patterns and fate maps, Concepts of determination, competence and induction, totipotency and nuclear transfer experiments: Cell differentiation and differential gene activity: Morphogenetic determinants in egg cytoplasm; Role of maternal contributions in early embryonic development; Genetic regulations of early embryonic development in Drosophila; Homeotic genes.
13. Feeding, learning, social and sexual behavior of animals; Parental care; Circadian rhythms; Mimicry; Migration of fishes and birds; Sociobiology; Physiological adaptation at high altitude
14. .Important human and veterinary parasites (protozoans and helminthes); Life cycle and biology of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Ascaris, Wuchereria, Fasciola, Schistosoma and Leishmania; Molecular, cellular and physiological
Basis of host - parasite interactions.
15. Arthropods and vectors of human diseases (mosquitoes, lice, flies and ticks); Mode of transmission of pathogens by vectors,; Chemical, biological and environmental control of anthropoid vectors; Biology and control of chief insect pests of agricultural importance; Plant host-insect interaction, insect pest management; useful insects: Silkworm
16. The law of DNA constancy and C-value paradox; Numerical, and structural changes in chromosomes; Molecular basis of spontaneous and induced mutations and their role in evolution; Environmental mutagenesis and toxicity
Testing; Population genetics.
17. Structure of pro-and eukaryotic cells; membrane structure and function; intracellular compartments, protein sorting, secretory and endocytic pathway; cytoskeleton, nucleus; mitochondria and chloroplast and their genetic organization; cell cycle; structure and organization of chromatin; polytene and lamp brush chromosomes; dosage compensation and sex determination and sex linked inheritance.
18. Interactions between environment and biota; Concept of habitat and ecological niches; Limiting factor; Energy flow, food chain, food web and tropic levels; Ecological pyramids and recycling, biotic community-concept, structure,
Dominance, fluctuation and succession; N.P.C. and S cycles in nature
19. Ecosystem dynamics and management; Stability and complexity of ecosystems; Speciation and extinctions; environmental impact assessment; Principles of conservation; Conservation strategies; sustainable development.
20. Physico-chemical properties of water; Kinds of aquatic habitats (fresh water and marine); Distribution of and impact of environmental factors on the aquatic biota; Productivity, mineral cycles and biodegradation in different aquatic ecosystems; Fish and Fisheries of India with respect to the management of estuarine, coastal water systems and man-made reservoirs; Biology and ecology of reservoirs.
21. Structure, classification, genetics, reproduction and physiology of bacteria and viruses (of bacteria, plants and animals); Mycoplasma, protozoa and yeast (a general accounts).
22. Microbial fermentation; Antibiotics, organic acids and vitamins; Microbes in decomposition and recycling processes; Symbiotic and asymbiotic N2-fixation; Microbiology of water, air, soil and sewage: Microbes as pathological agents in plants, animals and man; General design and applications of a biofermenter, Biofertilizer.
23. Antigen; structure and functions of different classes of Igs; primary and secondary immune response; lymphocytes and accessory cell; humoral and cell mediated immunity; MHC; mechanism of immune response and generation of immunological diversity; genetic control of immune response; effector mechanisms; applications of immunological techniques.
24. Enzyme Kinetics (negative and positive cooperativity); Regulation of enzymatic activity; Active sites; Coenzymes: Activators and inhibitors, isoenzymes, allosteric enzymes; Ribozyme and abzyme.
25. Van der Waal's, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction; Primary structure and proteins and nucleic acids; Conformation of proteins and polypeptides (secondary, Tertiary, quaternary and domain structure);Reverse turns and Ramachandran plot; Structural polymorphism of DNA, RNA and three dimensional structure of tRNA; Structure of carbohydrates, polysaccharides, glycoproteins and peptido-qlycans: Helix coil transition; Energy terms in biopolymer conformational calculation.
26. Glycolysis and TCA cycle; Glycogen breakdown and synthesis; Gluconeogenesis; Interconversion of hexoses and pentoses; Amino acid metabolism; Coordinated control of metabolism; Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines;Oxidation of lipids; Biosynthesis of fatty acids; Triglycerides; Phospholipids; Sterols.
27. Energy metabolism (concept of free energy); Thermodynamic principles in biology; Energy rich bonds; Weak interactions; Coupled reactions and oxidative phosphorylations; Group transfer; Biological energy transducers;Bioenergietics.
28. Fine structure of gene, Eukaryotic genome organization (structure of chromatin, coding and non-coding sequences, and satellite DNA); DNA damage and repair, DNA replication, amplification and rearrangements.
29. Organization of transcriptional units; Mechanism of transcription of prokaryotes and eukaryotes; RNA processing (capping, polyadenylation, splicing, introns and exons); Ribonucleoproteins, structure of mRNA; Genetic code
and protein synthesis.
30. Regulation of gene expression in pro and eukaryotes; Attenuation and antitermination; Operon concept; DNA methylation; Heterochromatization; Transposition; Regulatory sequences and transacting factors; Environmental
regulation of gene expression.
31. Biochemistry and molecular biology of cancer Oncogenes; Chemical carcinogenesis; Genetic and metabolic disorder; Hormonal imbalance ;Drug metabolism and detoxification ;Genetic load and genetic counseling
32. Lysogeny and lytic cycle in bacteriophages; Bacterial transformation; Host cell restriction; Transduction; Complementation; Molecular recombination; DNA ligases;Topoisomerases;Gyrases;Methylases;Nucleases;Restrictionendonucleases; Plasmids and bacteriophage base vectors for cDNA and genomic libraries.
33. Principles and methods of genetic engineering and Gene targeting; Applications in agriculture, health and industry.
34. Cell and tissue culture in plants and animals; Primary culture; Cell line; Cell clones; Callus cultures; Somaclonal variation; Micropropagation; Somatic embryogenesis; Haploidy; Protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization; Cybrids; Gene transfer\methods in plants and in animals; Transgenic biology; Allopheny; Artificial seeds; Hybridoma technology.
35. Structure and organization of membranes; Glycoconjugates and proteins in membrane systems; Ion transport,Na+/K+ATPase;Molecular basis of signal transduction in bacteria, plants and animals; Model membranes;Liposomes.
36. Principles and application of light phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Cytophotometry and flow cytometry, fixation and staining.
37 .Principles and applications of gel-filtration, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography; Thin layer and gas Chromatography; High pressure liquid (HPLC) chromatography; Electrophoresis and electrofocussing; Ultracentrifugation (velocity and buoyant density).
38. Principles and techniques of nucleic acid hybridization and Cot curves; Sequencing of Proteins and nucleic acids; Southern, Northern and South-Western blotting techniques; Polymerase chain reaction; Methods for measuring nucleic acid and protein interactions.
39. Principles of biophysical methods used for analysis of biopolymer structure, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence,UV, ORD/CD, Visible, NMR and ESR spectroscopy; Hydrodynamic methods; Atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy.
40. Principles and applications of tracer techniques in biology; Radiation dosimetry; Radioactive isotopes and half life of isotopes; Effect of radiation on biological system; Autoradiography; Cerenkov radiation; Liquid scintillation
Spectrometry.
41. Principles and practice of statistical methods in biological research, samples and populations; Basic statistics average, statistics of dispersion, coefficient of variation; Standard error; Confidence limits; Probability distributions(biomial, Poisson and normal; Tests of statistical significance; Simple correlation of regression; Analysis of variance.
1. Cell Biology: Structure and function of cells and intracellular organelles (of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes), mechanism of cell division (including mitosis and meiosis) cell differentiation: Cell-cell interaction malignant growth, immune response: Dosage compensation and mechanism of sex determination
2. Biochemistry: Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds; principles of physical chemistry: Thermodynamics, Kinetics, dissociation and association constants; Nucleic acid structure, genetic code, replication, transcription and translation: Structure, function and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; Enzymes and coenzyme; Respiration and photosynthesis.
3. Physiology: Response to stress: 'Active transport across membrane ; Plant and animal hormones: Nutrition (including vitamins); Reproduction in plants, microbes and animals.
4. Genetics: Principles of Mendelian inheritance, chromosome 'Structure and-function; Gene Structure and regulation of gene expression: Linkage and genetic mapping; Extrachromosomal inheritance (episomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts); Mutation: DNA damage and repair, chromosome aberration: Transposons; Sex-linked inheritance and genetic disorders; Somatic cell genetics; Genome organization (in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes).
5. Evolutionary Biology: Origin of life (including aspects of prebiotic environment and molecular evolution); Concepts of evolution; Theories of organic evolution; Mechanisms of speciation; Hardy Weinberg genetic equilibrium, genetic polymorphism and selection; Origin and evolution of economically important microbes, plants and animals.
6. Environmental Biology: Concept and dynamics or ecosystem, components, food chain and energy flow, productivity and biogeochemical cycles; Types of ecosystems, Population ecology and biological control;Community structure and organisation;Environmental pollutionSustainable development; Economic importance of microbes, plants and animals
7. Biodiversity and Taxonomy: Species concept; Biological nomenclature theories of biological classification, Structural biochemical and molecular systematic; DNA finger printing, numerical taxonomy, Biodiversity, characterization, generation maintenance and loss; Magnitude and distribution of biodiversity, economic value, wildlife biology, conservation strategies, cryopreservation.
PAPER II
1. Principles of Taxonomy as applied to the systemic and Classification of Plant Kingdom: Taxonomic structure; Biosystematics; Plant geography; Floristic.
2. Patterns of variation in morphology and life history in plants; Broad outlines of classification AND evolutionary trends among algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes; Principles of palaeobotany; Economic importance of algae, fungi and lichens.
3. Comparative anatomy and developmental morphology of gymnosperms and angiosperms; Histochemical and ultra structural aspects of development; Differentiation and morphogenesis.
4. Androgensis and gynogenesis; Breeding system; Pollination biology; structural and functional aspects of pollen and pistil; Male sterility; Self and inter-specific incompatibility; Fertilization; Embryo and seed development.
5. Plants and civilization; Centre of origin and gene diversity; Botany, utilization, cultivation and improvement of plants of food, drug, fiber and industrial values, Unexploited plants of potential economic value; Plants as a source of renewable energy; Genetic resources and their conservation.
6. Water Relation; Mineral nutrition; Photosynthesis and photorespiration; Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Sulphur metabolism; Stomatal physiology; Source and sink relationship.
7. Physiology and biochemistry and seed dormancy and germination; Hormonal regulation of growth and development; Photo regulation: Growth responses, Physiology of flowering: Senescence.
8. Principles of plant breeding; important conventional methods of breeding self and cross-pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops; Non conventional methods; Polyploidy: Genetic variability; Plant diseases and defensive
Mechanisms.
9. Principles of taxonomy as applied to the systematics and classification of the animal kingdom; Classification and interrelationship amongst the major invertebrate phyla; Minor invertebrate phyla, Functional anatomy of the Nonchordates; Larval forms and their evolutionary significance.
10. Classification and comparative anatomy of protochordates and chordates; Origin, evolution and distribution of Chordates groups: Adaptive radiation.
11. Histology of mammalian organ systems, nutrition, digestion and absorption; Circulation (open and closed circular, lymphatic systems, blood composition and function); Muscular contraction and electric organs; Excretion and osmoregulation: Nerve conduction and neurotransmitters; major sense organs and receptors; Homeostatis (neural and hormonal); Bioluminescence; Reproduction.
12. Gametogenesis in animals: Molecular events during fertilization, Cleavage patterns and fate maps, Concepts of determination, competence and induction, totipotency and nuclear transfer experiments: Cell differentiation and differential gene activity: Morphogenetic determinants in egg cytoplasm; Role of maternal contributions in early embryonic development; Genetic regulations of early embryonic development in Drosophila; Homeotic genes.
13. Feeding, learning, social and sexual behavior of animals; Parental care; Circadian rhythms; Mimicry; Migration of fishes and birds; Sociobiology; Physiological adaptation at high altitude
14. .Important human and veterinary parasites (protozoans and helminthes); Life cycle and biology of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Ascaris, Wuchereria, Fasciola, Schistosoma and Leishmania; Molecular, cellular and physiological
Basis of host - parasite interactions.
15. Arthropods and vectors of human diseases (mosquitoes, lice, flies and ticks); Mode of transmission of pathogens by vectors,; Chemical, biological and environmental control of anthropoid vectors; Biology and control of chief insect pests of agricultural importance; Plant host-insect interaction, insect pest management; useful insects: Silkworm
16. The law of DNA constancy and C-value paradox; Numerical, and structural changes in chromosomes; Molecular basis of spontaneous and induced mutations and their role in evolution; Environmental mutagenesis and toxicity
Testing; Population genetics.
17. Structure of pro-and eukaryotic cells; membrane structure and function; intracellular compartments, protein sorting, secretory and endocytic pathway; cytoskeleton, nucleus; mitochondria and chloroplast and their genetic organization; cell cycle; structure and organization of chromatin; polytene and lamp brush chromosomes; dosage compensation and sex determination and sex linked inheritance.
18. Interactions between environment and biota; Concept of habitat and ecological niches; Limiting factor; Energy flow, food chain, food web and tropic levels; Ecological pyramids and recycling, biotic community-concept, structure,
Dominance, fluctuation and succession; N.P.C. and S cycles in nature
19. Ecosystem dynamics and management; Stability and complexity of ecosystems; Speciation and extinctions; environmental impact assessment; Principles of conservation; Conservation strategies; sustainable development.
20. Physico-chemical properties of water; Kinds of aquatic habitats (fresh water and marine); Distribution of and impact of environmental factors on the aquatic biota; Productivity, mineral cycles and biodegradation in different aquatic ecosystems; Fish and Fisheries of India with respect to the management of estuarine, coastal water systems and man-made reservoirs; Biology and ecology of reservoirs.
21. Structure, classification, genetics, reproduction and physiology of bacteria and viruses (of bacteria, plants and animals); Mycoplasma, protozoa and yeast (a general accounts).
22. Microbial fermentation; Antibiotics, organic acids and vitamins; Microbes in decomposition and recycling processes; Symbiotic and asymbiotic N2-fixation; Microbiology of water, air, soil and sewage: Microbes as pathological agents in plants, animals and man; General design and applications of a biofermenter, Biofertilizer.
23. Antigen; structure and functions of different classes of Igs; primary and secondary immune response; lymphocytes and accessory cell; humoral and cell mediated immunity; MHC; mechanism of immune response and generation of immunological diversity; genetic control of immune response; effector mechanisms; applications of immunological techniques.
24. Enzyme Kinetics (negative and positive cooperativity); Regulation of enzymatic activity; Active sites; Coenzymes: Activators and inhibitors, isoenzymes, allosteric enzymes; Ribozyme and abzyme.
25. Van der Waal's, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction; Primary structure and proteins and nucleic acids; Conformation of proteins and polypeptides (secondary, Tertiary, quaternary and domain structure);Reverse turns and Ramachandran plot; Structural polymorphism of DNA, RNA and three dimensional structure of tRNA; Structure of carbohydrates, polysaccharides, glycoproteins and peptido-qlycans: Helix coil transition; Energy terms in biopolymer conformational calculation.
26. Glycolysis and TCA cycle; Glycogen breakdown and synthesis; Gluconeogenesis; Interconversion of hexoses and pentoses; Amino acid metabolism; Coordinated control of metabolism; Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines;Oxidation of lipids; Biosynthesis of fatty acids; Triglycerides; Phospholipids; Sterols.
27. Energy metabolism (concept of free energy); Thermodynamic principles in biology; Energy rich bonds; Weak interactions; Coupled reactions and oxidative phosphorylations; Group transfer; Biological energy transducers;Bioenergietics.
28. Fine structure of gene, Eukaryotic genome organization (structure of chromatin, coding and non-coding sequences, and satellite DNA); DNA damage and repair, DNA replication, amplification and rearrangements.
29. Organization of transcriptional units; Mechanism of transcription of prokaryotes and eukaryotes; RNA processing (capping, polyadenylation, splicing, introns and exons); Ribonucleoproteins, structure of mRNA; Genetic code
and protein synthesis.
30. Regulation of gene expression in pro and eukaryotes; Attenuation and antitermination; Operon concept; DNA methylation; Heterochromatization; Transposition; Regulatory sequences and transacting factors; Environmental
regulation of gene expression.
31. Biochemistry and molecular biology of cancer Oncogenes; Chemical carcinogenesis; Genetic and metabolic disorder; Hormonal imbalance ;Drug metabolism and detoxification ;Genetic load and genetic counseling
32. Lysogeny and lytic cycle in bacteriophages; Bacterial transformation; Host cell restriction; Transduction; Complementation; Molecular recombination; DNA ligases;Topoisomerases;Gyrases;Methylases;Nucleases;Restrictionendonucleases; Plasmids and bacteriophage base vectors for cDNA and genomic libraries.
33. Principles and methods of genetic engineering and Gene targeting; Applications in agriculture, health and industry.
34. Cell and tissue culture in plants and animals; Primary culture; Cell line; Cell clones; Callus cultures; Somaclonal variation; Micropropagation; Somatic embryogenesis; Haploidy; Protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization; Cybrids; Gene transfer\methods in plants and in animals; Transgenic biology; Allopheny; Artificial seeds; Hybridoma technology.
35. Structure and organization of membranes; Glycoconjugates and proteins in membrane systems; Ion transport,Na+/K+ATPase;Molecular basis of signal transduction in bacteria, plants and animals; Model membranes;Liposomes.
36. Principles and application of light phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Cytophotometry and flow cytometry, fixation and staining.
37 .Principles and applications of gel-filtration, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography; Thin layer and gas Chromatography; High pressure liquid (HPLC) chromatography; Electrophoresis and electrofocussing; Ultracentrifugation (velocity and buoyant density).
38. Principles and techniques of nucleic acid hybridization and Cot curves; Sequencing of Proteins and nucleic acids; Southern, Northern and South-Western blotting techniques; Polymerase chain reaction; Methods for measuring nucleic acid and protein interactions.
39. Principles of biophysical methods used for analysis of biopolymer structure, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence,UV, ORD/CD, Visible, NMR and ESR spectroscopy; Hydrodynamic methods; Atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy.
40. Principles and applications of tracer techniques in biology; Radiation dosimetry; Radioactive isotopes and half life of isotopes; Effect of radiation on biological system; Autoradiography; Cerenkov radiation; Liquid scintillation
Spectrometry.
41. Principles and practice of statistical methods in biological research, samples and populations; Basic statistics average, statistics of dispersion, coefficient of variation; Standard error; Confidence limits; Probability distributions(biomial, Poisson and normal; Tests of statistical significance; Simple correlation of regression; Analysis of variance.
20081026
GEOLOGY SYLLABUS FOR U.P.S.C.
GeologY
Paper-1 Section-A
(i) General Geology The Solar System, meteorities, origin and interior of the earth. Radioactivity and age of earth; Volcanoes- causes and products, volcanic belts. Earthquakes-causes, effects, earthquake belts, seismicity of India , intensity and magnitude, seismongraphs. Island arcs, deep sea trenches and mid-ocean ridges. Continental drift-evidences and mechanics; seafloor spreading, plate tectonics. Isostasy, orogeny and epeirogeny. Continents and oceans.
(ii) Geomorphology and Remote Sensing Basic concepts of geomorphology. Weathering and mass wasting. Landforms, slopes and drainage. Geomorphic cycles and their interpretation. Morphology and its relation to structures and lithology. Applications of geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering,. hydrology and environmental studies. Geomorphology of Indian subcontinent. Aerial photographs and their interpretation-mertis and limitations. The Electronmagnetic Spectrum. Orbiting satellites and sensor systems. Indian Remote Sensing Sataellites. Satellites data products. Applications of remote sensing in geology. The Geographic Information System and its applications. Global Positioning System.
(iii) Structural geology Priniples of geologic mapping and map reading, projection diagrams, stress and strain ellipsoid and stress-strain relationships of elastic, plastic and viscous materials. Strain markers in deformed rocks. Behaviour of minerals and rocks under deformation conditions. Folds and faults classification and mechanics. Structural analysis of folds, foliations, lineations, joints and faults, unconformities. Superposed deformation. Time-relationship between crystallization and deformation. Introduction to petrofabrics.
Section-B
(iv) Paleontology Species- definition and nomenclature. Megafossils and Microfossils. Modes of preservation of fossils. Different kinds of microfossils. Application of microfossils in correlation, petroleum exploration, paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies. Morphology, geological history and evolutionary trend in Cephalopoda, Trilobita, Brachiopoda, Echinoidea and Anthozoa. Stratigraphic utility of Ammonoidea, Trilobita and Graptoloidea. Evolutionary trend in Hominidae, Equidae and Proboscidae. Siwalik fauna. Gondwana flora and its importance.
(v) Stratigraphy and Geology of India Classification of stratigraphic sequences: lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, chro-nostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic and their interrelationships. Distribution and classification of Precambrian rocks of India . Study of stratigraphic distribution and lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with reference to fauna, flora and economic importance. Major boundary problems- Cambrian/Precambrian, Permian/Triassic, Cretaceous/Tertiary and Pliocene/Pleistocene. Study of climatic conditions, paleogeography and igneous activity in the Indian subcontinent in the geological past. Tectonic framework of India . Evolution of the Himalayas .
(vi) Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology : Hydrologic cycle and genetic classification of water. Movement of subsruface water. Springs. Porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and storage coefficient, classification of aquifers. Water-bearing characteristics of rocks. Groundwater chemistry. Salt water intrusion. Types of wells. Drainage basin morphometry. Exploration for groundwater. Groundwater recharge. Problems and management of groundwater. Rainwater harvesting. Engineering properties of rocks. Geological investigations for dams, tunnels and bridges. Rock as construction material. Alkali-aggregate reaction. Landslides-causes, prevention and rehabilitation. Earthquake-resistant structures.
Paper-II
Section-A
(i) Mineralogy Classification of crystals into systems and classes of symmetry. International system of crystallographic notation. Use of projection diagrams to represent crystal symmetry. Crystal defects. Elements of X-ray crystallography. Petrological microscope and accessories. Optical properties of common rock forming minerals. Pleochroism, extinction angle, double refraction, birefringence, twinning and dispersion in minerals. Physical and chemical characters of rock forming slilicate mineral groups. Structural classification of silicates. Common minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate, sulphide and halide groups.
(ii) Igneous ad Metamorphic Petrology Generation and crystallisation of magma. Crystallisation of albite-anorthite, diopside-anorthite and diopside-wollastonite-silica systems. Reaction principle., Magmatic differentation and assimilation. Petrogenetic significance of the textures and structrues of igneous rocks. Petrography and petrogenesis of granite, syenite, diorite, basic and ultrabasic groups, charnockite, anorthosite and alkaline rocks. Carbonatites. Deccan volcanic province. Types and agents of metamporphism. Metamporphic grdes and zones. Phase rule. Facies of regional and contact metamorphism. ACF and AKF diagrams. Textures and structures of metamporphic rocks. Metamorphism of arenaceous, argillaceous and basic rocks. Minerals assemblages Retrograde metamorphism. Metasomatism and granitisation, migmatites, Granulite terrains of India .
(iii) Sedimentology Sedimentary rocks: Processes of formation. diagenesis and lithification. Properties of sediments. Clastic and non-clastic rocks-their classification, petrography and depositional environment. Sedimentary facies and provenance. Sedimentary structures and their significance. Heavy minerals and their significance. Sedminetary basins of India . Section-B (iv) Economic Geology Ore , ore minerals and gangue, tenor of ore, classification of ore deposits. Process of formation of minerals deposits. Controls of ore localisation. Ore textures and structures. Metallogenic epochs and provinces. Geology of the important Indian deposits of aluminium, chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead zinc, manganese, titanium, uranium and thorium and industrial minerals. Deposits of coal and petroleum in India . National Mineral Policy. Conservation and utilization of mineral resources. Marine mineral resources and Law of Sea.
(v) Mining Geology Methods of prospecting-geological, geophysical, geochemical and geobotanical. Techniques of sampling. Estimation of reserves or ore. Mehtods of exploration and mining metallic ores, industrial minerals and marine mineral resources. Mineral beneficiation and ore dressing.
(vi) Geochemistry and Environmental Geology Cosmic abundance of elements. Composition of the planets and meteorites. Structure and compostion of earth and distribution of elements. Trace elements. Elements of crystal chemistry-types of chemical bonds, coordination number. Isolmorphism and polymorphism. Elementary thermodynamics. Natural hazards-floods, landslides, coastal erosion, earthquakes and volcanic activity and mitigation. Environmental impact of urbanization, open cast mining, industrial and radioactive waste disposal, use of fertilizers, dumping of mine waste and fly-ash. Pollution of ground and surface water, marine pollution Environment protection-legislative measures in India .
Paper-1 Section-A
(i) General Geology The Solar System, meteorities, origin and interior of the earth. Radioactivity and age of earth; Volcanoes- causes and products, volcanic belts. Earthquakes-causes, effects, earthquake belts, seismicity of India , intensity and magnitude, seismongraphs. Island arcs, deep sea trenches and mid-ocean ridges. Continental drift-evidences and mechanics; seafloor spreading, plate tectonics. Isostasy, orogeny and epeirogeny. Continents and oceans.
(ii) Geomorphology and Remote Sensing Basic concepts of geomorphology. Weathering and mass wasting. Landforms, slopes and drainage. Geomorphic cycles and their interpretation. Morphology and its relation to structures and lithology. Applications of geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering,. hydrology and environmental studies. Geomorphology of Indian subcontinent. Aerial photographs and their interpretation-mertis and limitations. The Electronmagnetic Spectrum. Orbiting satellites and sensor systems. Indian Remote Sensing Sataellites. Satellites data products. Applications of remote sensing in geology. The Geographic Information System and its applications. Global Positioning System.
(iii) Structural geology Priniples of geologic mapping and map reading, projection diagrams, stress and strain ellipsoid and stress-strain relationships of elastic, plastic and viscous materials. Strain markers in deformed rocks. Behaviour of minerals and rocks under deformation conditions. Folds and faults classification and mechanics. Structural analysis of folds, foliations, lineations, joints and faults, unconformities. Superposed deformation. Time-relationship between crystallization and deformation. Introduction to petrofabrics.
Section-B
(iv) Paleontology Species- definition and nomenclature. Megafossils and Microfossils. Modes of preservation of fossils. Different kinds of microfossils. Application of microfossils in correlation, petroleum exploration, paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies. Morphology, geological history and evolutionary trend in Cephalopoda, Trilobita, Brachiopoda, Echinoidea and Anthozoa. Stratigraphic utility of Ammonoidea, Trilobita and Graptoloidea. Evolutionary trend in Hominidae, Equidae and Proboscidae. Siwalik fauna. Gondwana flora and its importance.
(v) Stratigraphy and Geology of India Classification of stratigraphic sequences: lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, chro-nostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic and their interrelationships. Distribution and classification of Precambrian rocks of India . Study of stratigraphic distribution and lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with reference to fauna, flora and economic importance. Major boundary problems- Cambrian/Precambrian, Permian/Triassic, Cretaceous/Tertiary and Pliocene/Pleistocene. Study of climatic conditions, paleogeography and igneous activity in the Indian subcontinent in the geological past. Tectonic framework of India . Evolution of the Himalayas .
(vi) Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology : Hydrologic cycle and genetic classification of water. Movement of subsruface water. Springs. Porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and storage coefficient, classification of aquifers. Water-bearing characteristics of rocks. Groundwater chemistry. Salt water intrusion. Types of wells. Drainage basin morphometry. Exploration for groundwater. Groundwater recharge. Problems and management of groundwater. Rainwater harvesting. Engineering properties of rocks. Geological investigations for dams, tunnels and bridges. Rock as construction material. Alkali-aggregate reaction. Landslides-causes, prevention and rehabilitation. Earthquake-resistant structures.
Paper-II
Section-A
(i) Mineralogy Classification of crystals into systems and classes of symmetry. International system of crystallographic notation. Use of projection diagrams to represent crystal symmetry. Crystal defects. Elements of X-ray crystallography. Petrological microscope and accessories. Optical properties of common rock forming minerals. Pleochroism, extinction angle, double refraction, birefringence, twinning and dispersion in minerals. Physical and chemical characters of rock forming slilicate mineral groups. Structural classification of silicates. Common minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate, sulphide and halide groups.
(ii) Igneous ad Metamorphic Petrology Generation and crystallisation of magma. Crystallisation of albite-anorthite, diopside-anorthite and diopside-wollastonite-silica systems. Reaction principle., Magmatic differentation and assimilation. Petrogenetic significance of the textures and structrues of igneous rocks. Petrography and petrogenesis of granite, syenite, diorite, basic and ultrabasic groups, charnockite, anorthosite and alkaline rocks. Carbonatites. Deccan volcanic province. Types and agents of metamporphism. Metamporphic grdes and zones. Phase rule. Facies of regional and contact metamorphism. ACF and AKF diagrams. Textures and structures of metamporphic rocks. Metamorphism of arenaceous, argillaceous and basic rocks. Minerals assemblages Retrograde metamorphism. Metasomatism and granitisation, migmatites, Granulite terrains of India .
(iii) Sedimentology Sedimentary rocks: Processes of formation. diagenesis and lithification. Properties of sediments. Clastic and non-clastic rocks-their classification, petrography and depositional environment. Sedimentary facies and provenance. Sedimentary structures and their significance. Heavy minerals and their significance. Sedminetary basins of India . Section-B (iv) Economic Geology Ore , ore minerals and gangue, tenor of ore, classification of ore deposits. Process of formation of minerals deposits. Controls of ore localisation. Ore textures and structures. Metallogenic epochs and provinces. Geology of the important Indian deposits of aluminium, chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead zinc, manganese, titanium, uranium and thorium and industrial minerals. Deposits of coal and petroleum in India . National Mineral Policy. Conservation and utilization of mineral resources. Marine mineral resources and Law of Sea.
(v) Mining Geology Methods of prospecting-geological, geophysical, geochemical and geobotanical. Techniques of sampling. Estimation of reserves or ore. Mehtods of exploration and mining metallic ores, industrial minerals and marine mineral resources. Mineral beneficiation and ore dressing.
(vi) Geochemistry and Environmental Geology Cosmic abundance of elements. Composition of the planets and meteorites. Structure and compostion of earth and distribution of elements. Trace elements. Elements of crystal chemistry-types of chemical bonds, coordination number. Isolmorphism and polymorphism. Elementary thermodynamics. Natural hazards-floods, landslides, coastal erosion, earthquakes and volcanic activity and mitigation. Environmental impact of urbanization, open cast mining, industrial and radioactive waste disposal, use of fertilizers, dumping of mine waste and fly-ash. Pollution of ground and surface water, marine pollution Environment protection-legislative measures in India .
B.P.S.C. SYLLABUS FOR BOTANY
Botany
Paper-I 1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology: Viruses, bacteria, and plasmids-structure and reproduction. General account of infection, Phytoimmunology. Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and pollution control in air, soil and water. Important plant diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes. Mode of infection and dissemination. Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance/defence. Physiology of parasitism and control measures. Fungal toxins. 2. Cryptogams: Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes-structure and reproduction from evolutionary viewpoint. Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their economic potential. 3. Phanerogams: Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymonosperms. Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms. Salient features of Cycadales, Conferrals and Gnetales, their structures and reproduction. General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales. Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogeny. Comparative account of various systems of Angiosperm Classiification. Study of angiospermic families–Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae (Cruci-ferae), Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocar-paceae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solana-ceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae (Composite), Poaceae (Gramineae), Arecaceae (Palmae), Liliaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae. Stomata and their types. Anomalous secondary growth, Anatomy of C 3 and C 4 plants. Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization. Endosperm–its development and function. Patterns of embryo development. Polymbryony, apoxmix, Applications of palynology. 4. Plant Utility and Exploitation: Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov's centres of origin. Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibres, spices, beverages, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes. Latex, cellulose Starch and their products. Perfumery. Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context. Energy plantation. Botanical Gardens and Herbaria. 5. Morphogenesis: Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and differentiation. Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatic hybrids and Cybrids.
PAPER-II 1. Cell Biology: Techniques of Cell Biology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells -structural and ultrastructural details. Structure and function of extracellular matrix or ECM (cell wall) and membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport. Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, hydrogenosome). Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex. Chromatin and nucleosome. Cell signalling and cell receptors. Signal transduction (G-1 proteins, etc.). Mitosis and meisdosis; molecular basis of cell cycle. Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance. Study of polytene, lampbrush and B-chromosomes–structure, behaviour and significance. 2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution: Development of genetics, and gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles). Quantitative genetics and multiple factors. Linkage and crossing over–methods of gene mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping function). Sex chromosomes and sexlinked inheritance, sex determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation. Mutation (biochemical and molecular basis). Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility). Prions and prion hypothesis. Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and protines. Genetic code and regulation of gene expression. Multigene families. Organic evolution-evidences, mechanism and theories. Role of RNA in origin and evolution. 3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics: Methods of plant breeding -- introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method). Male sterility and heterosis breeding. Use of apomixis in plant breeding. Micropropagation and genetic engineering–methods of transfer of genes and transgenic crops; development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV). Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square tests). Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson distributions). Correlation and regression. 4. Physiology and Biochemistry: Water relations, Mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies. Photosynthesis–photochemical reactions, photophosphorylation and carbon pathways including C pathway (photorespiration), C, C and CAM pathways. Respiraion (anaerobic and aerobic, including fermentation–electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes, energy transfer and energy conservation. Importance of secondary metabolites. Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome). Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescence. Growth substances-their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture, growth indices, growth movements. Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal). Fruit and seed physiology. Dormancy, storage and germination of seed. Fruit ripening -- its molecular basis and manipulation. 5. Ecology and Plant Geography: Ecological factors. Concepts and dynamics of community. Plant succession. Concepts of biosphere. Ecosystems and their conservation. Pollution and its control (including phytoremediaion). Forest types of India -- afforestation, deforestation and social forestry. Endangered plants, endemism and Red Data Books. Biodiversity. Convention of Biological Diversity, Sovereign Rights and Intellectual Property Rights. Biogeochemical cells. Global warming.
Paper-I 1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology: Viruses, bacteria, and plasmids-structure and reproduction. General account of infection, Phytoimmunology. Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and pollution control in air, soil and water. Important plant diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes. Mode of infection and dissemination. Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance/defence. Physiology of parasitism and control measures. Fungal toxins. 2. Cryptogams: Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes-structure and reproduction from evolutionary viewpoint. Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their economic potential. 3. Phanerogams: Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymonosperms. Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms. Salient features of Cycadales, Conferrals and Gnetales, their structures and reproduction. General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales. Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogeny. Comparative account of various systems of Angiosperm Classiification. Study of angiospermic families–Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae (Cruci-ferae), Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocar-paceae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solana-ceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae (Composite), Poaceae (Gramineae), Arecaceae (Palmae), Liliaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae. Stomata and their types. Anomalous secondary growth, Anatomy of C 3 and C 4 plants. Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization. Endosperm–its development and function. Patterns of embryo development. Polymbryony, apoxmix, Applications of palynology. 4. Plant Utility and Exploitation: Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov's centres of origin. Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibres, spices, beverages, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes. Latex, cellulose Starch and their products. Perfumery. Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context. Energy plantation. Botanical Gardens and Herbaria. 5. Morphogenesis: Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and differentiation. Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatic hybrids and Cybrids.
PAPER-II 1. Cell Biology: Techniques of Cell Biology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells -structural and ultrastructural details. Structure and function of extracellular matrix or ECM (cell wall) and membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport. Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, hydrogenosome). Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex. Chromatin and nucleosome. Cell signalling and cell receptors. Signal transduction (G-1 proteins, etc.). Mitosis and meisdosis; molecular basis of cell cycle. Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance. Study of polytene, lampbrush and B-chromosomes–structure, behaviour and significance. 2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution: Development of genetics, and gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles). Quantitative genetics and multiple factors. Linkage and crossing over–methods of gene mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping function). Sex chromosomes and sexlinked inheritance, sex determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation. Mutation (biochemical and molecular basis). Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility). Prions and prion hypothesis. Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and protines. Genetic code and regulation of gene expression. Multigene families. Organic evolution-evidences, mechanism and theories. Role of RNA in origin and evolution. 3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics: Methods of plant breeding -- introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method). Male sterility and heterosis breeding. Use of apomixis in plant breeding. Micropropagation and genetic engineering–methods of transfer of genes and transgenic crops; development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV). Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square tests). Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson distributions). Correlation and regression. 4. Physiology and Biochemistry: Water relations, Mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies. Photosynthesis–photochemical reactions, photophosphorylation and carbon pathways including C pathway (photorespiration), C, C and CAM pathways. Respiraion (anaerobic and aerobic, including fermentation–electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes, energy transfer and energy conservation. Importance of secondary metabolites. Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome). Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescence. Growth substances-their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture, growth indices, growth movements. Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal). Fruit and seed physiology. Dormancy, storage and germination of seed. Fruit ripening -- its molecular basis and manipulation. 5. Ecology and Plant Geography: Ecological factors. Concepts and dynamics of community. Plant succession. Concepts of biosphere. Ecosystems and their conservation. Pollution and its control (including phytoremediaion). Forest types of India -- afforestation, deforestation and social forestry. Endangered plants, endemism and Red Data Books. Biodiversity. Convention of Biological Diversity, Sovereign Rights and Intellectual Property Rights. Biogeochemical cells. Global warming.
SOME TOPIC OF G.S.
INDIA IN SPACE Chronology :-
1962 - Department of Atomoc Energy formed Indian National Committee for Space Research, INCOSPAR. Thumba of Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, TERLS started.
1963 - India’s first sounding rocket launched from TERLS.
1965 - Space Science and Technology Centre, SSTC at Thumba
1967 - Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station at Ahmedabad
1968 - TERLS dedicated to the United Nations Organization.
1969 - Indian Space Research, ISRO under DAE
1972 - Space Commission and Department of Space.ISRO brought under Department of Space.
1975 - Aryabhat, first Indian satellite launched by ISRO.
1977 - Satellite Telecommunication Experiments Project.
1979 - Experimental SLV3 launched but could not be placed in orbit.Experimental earth observation BhASKARA-I launched.
1980 - Second experimental SLV3 placed in orbit.
1981 - Experimental geo stationary satellite APPLE launched.Bhaskara-II launched.RS D1 placed in orbit.First developmental SLV3 launched.
1982 - INSAT 1A launched and later deactivated.INSAT 1B launched.
1983 - RS D2 launched in orbit.Second developmental SLV3 launched.
1984 - Indo-Soviet manned space mission.
1987 - First developmental ASLV with SROSS 1 launched. Could not be placed in orbit.
1988 - INSAT 1C launched, later abandoned.First Operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1A launched.Second developmental ASLV with SROSS 2 launched, could not be placed in orbit.
1990 - INSAT 1D launched.
1991 - Second operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1B launched.
1992 - First indigenously built second generation Indian satellite INSAT 2A launched.Third developmental ASLV with SROSS C placed in orbit.
1993 - INSAT 2B launched.First developmental PSLV with IRS 1E launched, could not be placed in orbit.
1994 - Fourth developmental ASLV with SROSS C2 placed in orbit.Second developmental PSLV with IRS P2 placed in polar sunsynchronous orbit.
1995 - INSAT 2C launched.Third operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1C launched.
1996 - INSAT 2C launched.Third developmental PSLV with IRS P3 placed in polar sunsynchronous orbit.
1997 - INSAT 2D launched and later abandoned.First operational PSLV with IRS 1D placed in orbit.
1998 - ARABSAT 1C changed to INSAT 2DT.
1999 - INSAT 2E launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.IRS P4 (OCEANSAT) launched by PSLV C2 alongwith KITSAT 3, Korea and DLR TUBSAT, Germany from Sriharikota
2000 - INSAT 3B, third satellite, launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.
2001 - First developmental GSLV D1 with GSAT 1 launched.Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) of ISRO, BIRD of Germany and PROBA of Belgium launched in respective orbits by PSLV C3 of ISRO.
2002 - KALPANA 1 launched by PSLV C4 from Sriharikota
2003 - INSAT 3A launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.Second developmental GSLV D2 with GSAT 2 launched form SriharikotaINSAT 3E launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.IRS P6 (RESOURCESAT 1) launched by PSLV C5 from Sriharikota.
2004 - First operational GSLV F01 launched EDUSAT from Sriharikota.
2005 - CARTOSAT 1 and HAMSAT launched by PSLV C6 from Sriharikota.INSAT 4A launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.
2006 -INSAT 4C launched by GSLV F02 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, mission failed.
INDO-US 123 AGREEMENT
4 The agreement tends to carve out a special place for India in the restructuring of Power Balance in the Asian region in particular and in the international perspective as a whole.
4 Fuel supply provisions :-
Uninterrupted fuel supply for India’s civilian nuclear programme.
Help India to develop a strategic reserve of nuclear fuel.
If supplies interrupted, US will help restoring it with the help of the supplier countries such as UK, France, and Russia.
India retains the right to take corrective measures to ensure uninterrupted operation of civilian nuclear reactors if foreign fuel supply gets disrupted.
4 Provisions for reprocessing of supplied materials :-
India permitted to reprocess the nuclear material acquired through the deal and to access the reprocessing technologies.
Under IAEA safeguards India to set up a new national nuclear material reprocessing facility.
Arrangement and facilities for physical protection, storage and environmental protection to be finalized.
4 Right to return of nuclear fuels :-
Article 14 of the draft grants US the right to require the return of nuclear material, equipment transferred under this agreement and special fissile material produced i.e. plutonium from the reprocessing of the US origin spent fuel.
Fair market value compensation to be agreed upon through a process of consultation and paid to India before return of any item.
India to sign a separate protocol with IAEA for safeguarding, monitoring and surveillance of the proposed fuel reserve facility as well as the reprocessing facilities.
4 Provisions for termination of cooperation :-
Provision of termination and cessation of cooperation at a year’s written notice along with reasons followed by consultation.
Nuclear test, diversion of fuel for military purposes, violation of IAEA safeguard agreement may make the ground for termination of cooperation.
1962 - Department of Atomoc Energy formed Indian National Committee for Space Research, INCOSPAR. Thumba of Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, TERLS started.
1963 - India’s first sounding rocket launched from TERLS.
1965 - Space Science and Technology Centre, SSTC at Thumba
1967 - Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station at Ahmedabad
1968 - TERLS dedicated to the United Nations Organization.
1969 - Indian Space Research, ISRO under DAE
1972 - Space Commission and Department of Space.ISRO brought under Department of Space.
1975 - Aryabhat, first Indian satellite launched by ISRO.
1977 - Satellite Telecommunication Experiments Project.
1979 - Experimental SLV3 launched but could not be placed in orbit.Experimental earth observation BhASKARA-I launched.
1980 - Second experimental SLV3 placed in orbit.
1981 - Experimental geo stationary satellite APPLE launched.Bhaskara-II launched.RS D1 placed in orbit.First developmental SLV3 launched.
1982 - INSAT 1A launched and later deactivated.INSAT 1B launched.
1983 - RS D2 launched in orbit.Second developmental SLV3 launched.
1984 - Indo-Soviet manned space mission.
1987 - First developmental ASLV with SROSS 1 launched. Could not be placed in orbit.
1988 - INSAT 1C launched, later abandoned.First Operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1A launched.Second developmental ASLV with SROSS 2 launched, could not be placed in orbit.
1990 - INSAT 1D launched.
1991 - Second operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1B launched.
1992 - First indigenously built second generation Indian satellite INSAT 2A launched.Third developmental ASLV with SROSS C placed in orbit.
1993 - INSAT 2B launched.First developmental PSLV with IRS 1E launched, could not be placed in orbit.
1994 - Fourth developmental ASLV with SROSS C2 placed in orbit.Second developmental PSLV with IRS P2 placed in polar sunsynchronous orbit.
1995 - INSAT 2C launched.Third operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1C launched.
1996 - INSAT 2C launched.Third developmental PSLV with IRS P3 placed in polar sunsynchronous orbit.
1997 - INSAT 2D launched and later abandoned.First operational PSLV with IRS 1D placed in orbit.
1998 - ARABSAT 1C changed to INSAT 2DT.
1999 - INSAT 2E launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.IRS P4 (OCEANSAT) launched by PSLV C2 alongwith KITSAT 3, Korea and DLR TUBSAT, Germany from Sriharikota
2000 - INSAT 3B, third satellite, launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.
2001 - First developmental GSLV D1 with GSAT 1 launched.Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) of ISRO, BIRD of Germany and PROBA of Belgium launched in respective orbits by PSLV C3 of ISRO.
2002 - KALPANA 1 launched by PSLV C4 from Sriharikota
2003 - INSAT 3A launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.Second developmental GSLV D2 with GSAT 2 launched form SriharikotaINSAT 3E launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.IRS P6 (RESOURCESAT 1) launched by PSLV C5 from Sriharikota.
2004 - First operational GSLV F01 launched EDUSAT from Sriharikota.
2005 - CARTOSAT 1 and HAMSAT launched by PSLV C6 from Sriharikota.INSAT 4A launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana.
2006 -INSAT 4C launched by GSLV F02 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, mission failed.
INDO-US 123 AGREEMENT
4 The agreement tends to carve out a special place for India in the restructuring of Power Balance in the Asian region in particular and in the international perspective as a whole.
4 Fuel supply provisions :-
Uninterrupted fuel supply for India’s civilian nuclear programme.
Help India to develop a strategic reserve of nuclear fuel.
If supplies interrupted, US will help restoring it with the help of the supplier countries such as UK, France, and Russia.
India retains the right to take corrective measures to ensure uninterrupted operation of civilian nuclear reactors if foreign fuel supply gets disrupted.
4 Provisions for reprocessing of supplied materials :-
India permitted to reprocess the nuclear material acquired through the deal and to access the reprocessing technologies.
Under IAEA safeguards India to set up a new national nuclear material reprocessing facility.
Arrangement and facilities for physical protection, storage and environmental protection to be finalized.
4 Right to return of nuclear fuels :-
Article 14 of the draft grants US the right to require the return of nuclear material, equipment transferred under this agreement and special fissile material produced i.e. plutonium from the reprocessing of the US origin spent fuel.
Fair market value compensation to be agreed upon through a process of consultation and paid to India before return of any item.
India to sign a separate protocol with IAEA for safeguarding, monitoring and surveillance of the proposed fuel reserve facility as well as the reprocessing facilities.
4 Provisions for termination of cooperation :-
Provision of termination and cessation of cooperation at a year’s written notice along with reasons followed by consultation.
Nuclear test, diversion of fuel for military purposes, violation of IAEA safeguard agreement may make the ground for termination of cooperation.
B.P.S.C. SYLLABUS FOR MAINS EXAM
AGRICULTURE
PAPER-I
Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth, impact of changing environment on cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans. Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of multiple cropping, multistory, relay and intercropping and their importance in relation to food production. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar, commercial and fodder crops grown during Kharif and Rabi seasons in different regions of the country.
Important features, scope and propagation of various types of forestry plantations such as extension, social forestry, agro-forestry and natural forests.
Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological and chemical control of weeds.
Soil-physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Modem classification of Indian soils, Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility and its evaluation for judicious fertiliser use, integrated nutrient management. Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Fixation of phosphorus and potassium in soils and the scope for their efficient use. Problem of soils and their reclamation methods.
Soil conservation planning on watershed basis. Erosion and run-off I management in hilly, foot hills and valley lands; processes and factors I affecting them. Dryland agriculture and its problems. Technology of stabilising agriculture production in rainfed agriculture area.
Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-logged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution.
Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resources use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems.
Marketing and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs, price fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them.
Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; farm mechanization and its role in agricultural production and rural employment. Training programmes for extension works; lab-to-land programmes.
AGRICULTURE
PAPER-II
Cell Theory, cell structure, cell organelles and their function, cell division, nucleic acids–structure and function, gene structure and function. Laws of heredity, their significance in plant breeding. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and a euploid. Mutation-micro and macro–and their role in crop improvement Variation, components of variation. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility classification and their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.
History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin and evolution of crop plants, centre of origin, law of homologous series, crop genetic resources-conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding to the improvement of major field crops. Pur-line selection, pedigree, mass and recurrent selections combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Hybrid vigour and its exploitation, backcross method of breeding, breeding for disease and pest resistance, role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of biotechnology in plant breeding. Improved varieties, hybrids, composites of various crop plants.
Seed technology, its importance. Different kinds of seeds and their seed production and processing techniques. Role of public and private sectors in seed production, processing and marketing in India.
Physiology and its significance in agriculture. Imbibition, surface tension, diffusion and osmosis. Absorption and translocation of water, transpiration and water economy.
Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis–modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and non-aerobic respiration; C, C and CAM mechanisms; Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Auxins, hormones and other plant regulators and their mechanism of action and importance in agriculture. Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy.
Climatic requirements and cultivation of major fruits, plants, Vegetable crops and flower plants; the package of practices and their scientific basis. Handling and marketing problems of fruits and vegetables. Principal methods of preservation of important fruits and vegetable products, processing techniques and, equipment. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition. Raising of ornamental plants and design and layout of lawns and gardens.
Diseases and pests of field vegetables, orchard and plantation crops of India. Causes and classification of plants pests and diseases. Principles of control of plant pests and diseases. Biological control of pests and diseases. Integrated pest and disease management. Epidemiology and forecasting.
Pesticides, their formulations and modes of action. Compatibility with rhizobial inoculants. Microbial toxins.
Storage pests and diseases of cereals and pulses and their control.
Food production and consumption trends in India. National and international food policies. Production, procurement, distribution and processing constraints. Relation of food production to national dietary pattern, major deficiencies of calorie and protein.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
PAPER-I
Animal Nutrition :- Energy sources, energy, metabolism and requirements for maintenance and production of milk, meat, eggs and wool, Evaluation of feeds as sources of energy.
Trends in protein nutrition - Sources of protein metabolism and synthesis, protein quantity and quality in relation to requirements. Energy protein ratios in ration.
Minerals in animal diet - Sources, functions, requirements and their relationship of the basic minerals nutrients including trace elements.
Vitamins, Hormones and Growth Stimulating, substances - Sources, functions, requirements and inter-relationship with minerals.
Advances in Ruminant Nutrition-Dairy Cattle - Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to milk production and its composition. Nutrient requirements for calves, heifers, dry and milking cows and buffaloes. Limitations of various feeding systems.
Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Poultry - Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to poultry, meat and egg production, Nutrients requirements and feed formulation and broilers of different ages.
Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Swine - Nutrients and their metabolism with special reference to growth and quality of meat production. Nutrient requirement and feed formulation for baby-growing and finishing pigs.
Advances in Applied Animal Nutrition - A critical review and evaluation of feeding experiments, digestibility and balance studies. Feeding standards and measures of food energy, Nutrition requirements for growth, maintenance and production. Balanced rations.
Animal Physiology :-
Growth and Animal Production - Prenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth curves, measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.
Milk Production and Reproduction and Digestion - Current status of hormonal control of mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection. Male and Female reproduction organs, their components and function. Digestive organs and their functions.
Environmental Physiology - Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaptation, environmental factors and regulatory mechanism involved in animal behaviour, methods of controlling climatic stress.
Semen Quality - Preservation and Artificial insemination, Components of semen, composition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality preservation, composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques in cows, sheep and goats, swine and poultry.
Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception.
Livestock Production and Management :-
Commercial Dairy Farming - Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under fixed farming and as a specialised farming, economic dairy farming, Starting of a dairy farm. Capital and land requirement, organisation of the dairy farm. ”
Procurement of goods - opportunities in dairy farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal, Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production; pricing policy; Personnel Management. Developing practical and economic ration for dairy cattle; Supply of greens throughout the year, field and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm. Feeding regimes for day and young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animal’s new trends in feeding young and adult stock. Feeding records.
Commercial meat, egg and wool production - Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimens for young and mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirements and socio-economic concept.
Feeding - and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities.
Genetics and Animal Breeding :-
Mitosis and Meiosis - Mendelian inheritance, deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over, Sex determination, sex influenced and sex limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome abberations; Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis; Recombinant DNA technology, Mutations, types of mutations, methods for mutations and mutation rate.
Population Genetics Applied to Animal Breeding – Quantitative Vs qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding; methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, systems of inbreeding Effective population size; Breeding value estimation of breeding value, dominance and epistatic deviation; partitioning of variation; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction; Role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.
Breeding Systems - Heritability; repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within family selection; Progeny testing; Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and Correlated response; inbreeding, upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for threshold character.
PAPER-II
Health and Hygiene :
Histology and Histological Techniques - Stains-Chemical classification of stains used in biological work-principles of staining tissues-mordants-progressive & regressive stains differential staining of cytoplasmic and connective tissue elements-Methods of preparation and processing of tissues-celloidin embedding-Freezing microtomy Microscopy-Bright field microscope and electron microscope. Cytology structure of cell, organelles & inclusions; cell division-cell types. Tissues and their classification-embryonic and adult tissues-Comparative histology of organs-vascular, nervous,digestive, respiratory, musculo-skeletal and urogenital systems-Endocrine glands-Integuments-sense organs.
Embryology - Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals-gametogenesis-fertilization-germ layers-foetal membranes & placentation-types of placenta in domestic mammals -Teratology-twins &twinning-organogenesis-germ layer derivatives endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivatives.
Bovine Anatomy-Regional Anatomy - Paranasal sinuses of OX-surface anatomy of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary mandibuloalveolar, mental & coronnal nerve block-Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudental nerve, median, ulnar & radial nerves-tibial, fibular and digital nerves-Cranial nerves-structures involved in epidural anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities comparative features of locomotor apparatus and their application in the biomechanics of mammalian body.
Anatomy of Forms - Musculo-skeletal system-functional anatomy in relation to respiration and flying, digestion and egg production.
Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion, Endocrine glands in health and disease.
Blood constituents - Properties and functions-blood cell formation-Haemoglobin synthesis and chemistry-plasma proteins production, classification and properties; coagulation of blood; Haemorrhagic disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-Blood volume-Plasma expanders-Buffer systems in blood. Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis.
Circulation - Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle-heart sounds, heart beat, lectrocardiograms, Work and efficiency of heart-effect of ions on heart function-metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and chemical regulation of heart, effect of temperature and stress on heart, blood pressure and hypertension. Osmotic regulation arterial pulse,vasomotor regulation of circulation shock. Coronary & pulmonary circulation-Blood-Brain barrier Cerebrospinal fluid-circulation in birds.
Respiration - Mechanism of respiration, Transport and exchange of gases-neural control of respiration-chemoreceptors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.
Excretion - Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine methods of studying renal function-renal regulation of acid-base balance. Physiological constituents of urine-renal failure-passive venous congestion-Urinary recreation “in chicken-Sweat glands and their function. Biochemical tests for urinary dysfunction.
Endocrine glands - Functional disorders, their symptoms and diagnosis. Synthesis of hormones, mechanism and control of secretion, hormonal receptors-classification and function.
General knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutics of drugs - Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and pharmaco-kinetics-Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance-drugs acting on Autonomic nervous system- Modern concepts of anaesthesia and dissociative anaesthetics Autocoids-Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial injections-use of hormones in therapeutics-chemotherapy of parasitic infections-Drug and economic persons in the Edible tissues of animals chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases.
Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation - Assessment of pollution of water, air and oil-importance of climate in animals health-effect of environment on animal function and performance-relationship between industrialisation and animal agriculture animal housing requirements for specific categories of domestic nimals viz.pregnant cows&cows milking cows, broiler birds-stress, strain &productivity in relation to animal habitation.
Animal Diseases:
Pathogenesis, symptoms, postmortum lesions, diagnosis, and control of infection diseases of cattle, pigs and poultry, horses, sheep and goats.
Etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of production diseases of cattle, pig and poultry.
Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds.
Diagnosis and treatment of non-specific condition like impaction, Bloat, Diarrhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisioning.
Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
Principles and methods of immunisation of animals against specific diseases-hard immunity-disease free zones-zero disease concept chemo-prophylaxis.
Anaesthesia-local, regional and general-preanaesthetic medication, symptoms and surgical interference in fractures and dislocation, Hernia, choking, abomassal displacement-Caesarian operations, Rumenotomy Castrations.
Disease investigation techniques-Materials for laboratory investigation-Establishment Animal Health Centres-Disease free zone.
Veterinary Public Health:
Zoonoses - Classification, definition; role of animals and birds in prevalence and transmission of zoonotic diseases-occupational zoonotic diseases.
Epidemiology - Principles, definition of epidermiological terms, application of epidermiological measures in the study of diseases and disease control, Epidermiological features of air, water and food borne infections.
Veterinary Jurisprudence - Rules and Regulations for improvement of animal quality and prevention of animal diseases-state and control. Rules for prevention of animal and animal product borne diseases S. P. C. A- Veterolegal cases-certificates-Materials and Methods of collection of sampks for veterolegal investigation.
Milk and Milk Products Technology:
Milk Technology - Organization of rural milk procurement, collection and transport of raw milk.
Quality, testing and grading raw milk, Quality storage grades of whole milk, Skimmed milk and cream.
Processing, packaging, storing, distributing, marketing defects and their control and nutritive properties of the following milks; Pasteurized, standardized, toned, double toned, sterilized, homogenized, reconstituted, recombined and flavoured milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management, youghurt, Oahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of flavoured and sterlized milks. Legal standards, Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.
Milk Products Technology - Selection of raw materials, assembling, production, processing, storing, distributing and marketing milk products such as Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese; Condensed, evaporated, dried milk and baby food; Icecream and Kulfi; by products; whey products. butter milk, lactose and casein. Testing, Grading, judging milk products-BIS and Agmark specifications, legal standards, quality control nutritive properties. Packaging, processing and operational control Costs.
Meat Hygiene and Technology :
Meat Hygiene - Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning, slaughter and dressing operations; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgment of carcass meat cuts-drading of carcass meat cuts-duties and functions of Veterinarians in Wholesome meat production.
Hygienic methods of handling production of meat-spoilage of meat and control measures-Post slaughter physicochemical changes in meat and factors that influence them-Quality improvement methods-Adulteration of meat and defection-Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and Industry.
Meat Technology:
Physical and chemical characteristics of meat - meat emulsions methods of preservation of meat-curing, canning, irradiation, packaging of meat and meat products; meat products and formulations.
Byproducts - Slaughter house by products and their utilisation. Edible and inedible by products-social and economic implications of proper utilisation of slaughter house byproducts-Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals.
Poultry Products Technology - Chemical nutritive value of poultry meat, pre slaughter care composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre-slaughter care and management.
Slaughtering techniques, inspection, preservation of poultry meat, and products. Legal and BIS standards.
Structure, composition and nutritive value of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products.
Rabbit/Fur Animal farming – Care and management of rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and recycling of waste byproducts. Grading of wool.
Extension - Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and principles of extension. Different Methods adopted to educate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer and feedback. Problems of constraints in transfer of technology. Animal husbandry programmes for rural development.
PAPER-I
Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth, impact of changing environment on cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans. Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of multiple cropping, multistory, relay and intercropping and their importance in relation to food production. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar, commercial and fodder crops grown during Kharif and Rabi seasons in different regions of the country.
Important features, scope and propagation of various types of forestry plantations such as extension, social forestry, agro-forestry and natural forests.
Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological and chemical control of weeds.
Soil-physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Modem classification of Indian soils, Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility and its evaluation for judicious fertiliser use, integrated nutrient management. Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Fixation of phosphorus and potassium in soils and the scope for their efficient use. Problem of soils and their reclamation methods.
Soil conservation planning on watershed basis. Erosion and run-off I management in hilly, foot hills and valley lands; processes and factors I affecting them. Dryland agriculture and its problems. Technology of stabilising agriculture production in rainfed agriculture area.
Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-logged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution.
Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resources use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems.
Marketing and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs, price fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them.
Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; farm mechanization and its role in agricultural production and rural employment. Training programmes for extension works; lab-to-land programmes.
AGRICULTURE
PAPER-II
Cell Theory, cell structure, cell organelles and their function, cell division, nucleic acids–structure and function, gene structure and function. Laws of heredity, their significance in plant breeding. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and a euploid. Mutation-micro and macro–and their role in crop improvement Variation, components of variation. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility classification and their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.
History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin and evolution of crop plants, centre of origin, law of homologous series, crop genetic resources-conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding to the improvement of major field crops. Pur-line selection, pedigree, mass and recurrent selections combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Hybrid vigour and its exploitation, backcross method of breeding, breeding for disease and pest resistance, role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of biotechnology in plant breeding. Improved varieties, hybrids, composites of various crop plants.
Seed technology, its importance. Different kinds of seeds and their seed production and processing techniques. Role of public and private sectors in seed production, processing and marketing in India.
Physiology and its significance in agriculture. Imbibition, surface tension, diffusion and osmosis. Absorption and translocation of water, transpiration and water economy.
Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis–modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and non-aerobic respiration; C, C and CAM mechanisms; Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Auxins, hormones and other plant regulators and their mechanism of action and importance in agriculture. Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy.
Climatic requirements and cultivation of major fruits, plants, Vegetable crops and flower plants; the package of practices and their scientific basis. Handling and marketing problems of fruits and vegetables. Principal methods of preservation of important fruits and vegetable products, processing techniques and, equipment. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition. Raising of ornamental plants and design and layout of lawns and gardens.
Diseases and pests of field vegetables, orchard and plantation crops of India. Causes and classification of plants pests and diseases. Principles of control of plant pests and diseases. Biological control of pests and diseases. Integrated pest and disease management. Epidemiology and forecasting.
Pesticides, their formulations and modes of action. Compatibility with rhizobial inoculants. Microbial toxins.
Storage pests and diseases of cereals and pulses and their control.
Food production and consumption trends in India. National and international food policies. Production, procurement, distribution and processing constraints. Relation of food production to national dietary pattern, major deficiencies of calorie and protein.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
PAPER-I
Animal Nutrition :- Energy sources, energy, metabolism and requirements for maintenance and production of milk, meat, eggs and wool, Evaluation of feeds as sources of energy.
Trends in protein nutrition - Sources of protein metabolism and synthesis, protein quantity and quality in relation to requirements. Energy protein ratios in ration.
Minerals in animal diet - Sources, functions, requirements and their relationship of the basic minerals nutrients including trace elements.
Vitamins, Hormones and Growth Stimulating, substances - Sources, functions, requirements and inter-relationship with minerals.
Advances in Ruminant Nutrition-Dairy Cattle - Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to milk production and its composition. Nutrient requirements for calves, heifers, dry and milking cows and buffaloes. Limitations of various feeding systems.
Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Poultry - Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to poultry, meat and egg production, Nutrients requirements and feed formulation and broilers of different ages.
Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Swine - Nutrients and their metabolism with special reference to growth and quality of meat production. Nutrient requirement and feed formulation for baby-growing and finishing pigs.
Advances in Applied Animal Nutrition - A critical review and evaluation of feeding experiments, digestibility and balance studies. Feeding standards and measures of food energy, Nutrition requirements for growth, maintenance and production. Balanced rations.
Animal Physiology :-
Growth and Animal Production - Prenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth curves, measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.
Milk Production and Reproduction and Digestion - Current status of hormonal control of mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection. Male and Female reproduction organs, their components and function. Digestive organs and their functions.
Environmental Physiology - Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaptation, environmental factors and regulatory mechanism involved in animal behaviour, methods of controlling climatic stress.
Semen Quality - Preservation and Artificial insemination, Components of semen, composition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality preservation, composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques in cows, sheep and goats, swine and poultry.
Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception.
Livestock Production and Management :-
Commercial Dairy Farming - Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under fixed farming and as a specialised farming, economic dairy farming, Starting of a dairy farm. Capital and land requirement, organisation of the dairy farm. ”
Procurement of goods - opportunities in dairy farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal, Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production; pricing policy; Personnel Management. Developing practical and economic ration for dairy cattle; Supply of greens throughout the year, field and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm. Feeding regimes for day and young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animal’s new trends in feeding young and adult stock. Feeding records.
Commercial meat, egg and wool production - Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimens for young and mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirements and socio-economic concept.
Feeding - and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities.
Genetics and Animal Breeding :-
Mitosis and Meiosis - Mendelian inheritance, deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over, Sex determination, sex influenced and sex limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome abberations; Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis; Recombinant DNA technology, Mutations, types of mutations, methods for mutations and mutation rate.
Population Genetics Applied to Animal Breeding – Quantitative Vs qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding; methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, systems of inbreeding Effective population size; Breeding value estimation of breeding value, dominance and epistatic deviation; partitioning of variation; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction; Role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.
Breeding Systems - Heritability; repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within family selection; Progeny testing; Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and Correlated response; inbreeding, upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for threshold character.
PAPER-II
Health and Hygiene :
Histology and Histological Techniques - Stains-Chemical classification of stains used in biological work-principles of staining tissues-mordants-progressive & regressive stains differential staining of cytoplasmic and connective tissue elements-Methods of preparation and processing of tissues-celloidin embedding-Freezing microtomy Microscopy-Bright field microscope and electron microscope. Cytology structure of cell, organelles & inclusions; cell division-cell types. Tissues and their classification-embryonic and adult tissues-Comparative histology of organs-vascular, nervous,digestive, respiratory, musculo-skeletal and urogenital systems-Endocrine glands-Integuments-sense organs.
Embryology - Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals-gametogenesis-fertilization-germ layers-foetal membranes & placentation-types of placenta in domestic mammals -Teratology-twins &twinning-organogenesis-germ layer derivatives endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivatives.
Bovine Anatomy-Regional Anatomy - Paranasal sinuses of OX-surface anatomy of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary mandibuloalveolar, mental & coronnal nerve block-Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudental nerve, median, ulnar & radial nerves-tibial, fibular and digital nerves-Cranial nerves-structures involved in epidural anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities comparative features of locomotor apparatus and their application in the biomechanics of mammalian body.
Anatomy of Forms - Musculo-skeletal system-functional anatomy in relation to respiration and flying, digestion and egg production.
Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion, Endocrine glands in health and disease.
Blood constituents - Properties and functions-blood cell formation-Haemoglobin synthesis and chemistry-plasma proteins production, classification and properties; coagulation of blood; Haemorrhagic disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-Blood volume-Plasma expanders-Buffer systems in blood. Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis.
Circulation - Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle-heart sounds, heart beat, lectrocardiograms, Work and efficiency of heart-effect of ions on heart function-metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and chemical regulation of heart, effect of temperature and stress on heart, blood pressure and hypertension. Osmotic regulation arterial pulse,vasomotor regulation of circulation shock. Coronary & pulmonary circulation-Blood-Brain barrier Cerebrospinal fluid-circulation in birds.
Respiration - Mechanism of respiration, Transport and exchange of gases-neural control of respiration-chemoreceptors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.
Excretion - Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine methods of studying renal function-renal regulation of acid-base balance. Physiological constituents of urine-renal failure-passive venous congestion-Urinary recreation “in chicken-Sweat glands and their function. Biochemical tests for urinary dysfunction.
Endocrine glands - Functional disorders, their symptoms and diagnosis. Synthesis of hormones, mechanism and control of secretion, hormonal receptors-classification and function.
General knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutics of drugs - Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and pharmaco-kinetics-Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance-drugs acting on Autonomic nervous system- Modern concepts of anaesthesia and dissociative anaesthetics Autocoids-Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial injections-use of hormones in therapeutics-chemotherapy of parasitic infections-Drug and economic persons in the Edible tissues of animals chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases.
Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation - Assessment of pollution of water, air and oil-importance of climate in animals health-effect of environment on animal function and performance-relationship between industrialisation and animal agriculture animal housing requirements for specific categories of domestic nimals viz.pregnant cows&cows milking cows, broiler birds-stress, strain &productivity in relation to animal habitation.
Animal Diseases:
Pathogenesis, symptoms, postmortum lesions, diagnosis, and control of infection diseases of cattle, pigs and poultry, horses, sheep and goats.
Etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of production diseases of cattle, pig and poultry.
Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds.
Diagnosis and treatment of non-specific condition like impaction, Bloat, Diarrhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisioning.
Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
Principles and methods of immunisation of animals against specific diseases-hard immunity-disease free zones-zero disease concept chemo-prophylaxis.
Anaesthesia-local, regional and general-preanaesthetic medication, symptoms and surgical interference in fractures and dislocation, Hernia, choking, abomassal displacement-Caesarian operations, Rumenotomy Castrations.
Disease investigation techniques-Materials for laboratory investigation-Establishment Animal Health Centres-Disease free zone.
Veterinary Public Health:
Zoonoses - Classification, definition; role of animals and birds in prevalence and transmission of zoonotic diseases-occupational zoonotic diseases.
Epidemiology - Principles, definition of epidermiological terms, application of epidermiological measures in the study of diseases and disease control, Epidermiological features of air, water and food borne infections.
Veterinary Jurisprudence - Rules and Regulations for improvement of animal quality and prevention of animal diseases-state and control. Rules for prevention of animal and animal product borne diseases S. P. C. A- Veterolegal cases-certificates-Materials and Methods of collection of sampks for veterolegal investigation.
Milk and Milk Products Technology:
Milk Technology - Organization of rural milk procurement, collection and transport of raw milk.
Quality, testing and grading raw milk, Quality storage grades of whole milk, Skimmed milk and cream.
Processing, packaging, storing, distributing, marketing defects and their control and nutritive properties of the following milks; Pasteurized, standardized, toned, double toned, sterilized, homogenized, reconstituted, recombined and flavoured milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management, youghurt, Oahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of flavoured and sterlized milks. Legal standards, Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.
Milk Products Technology - Selection of raw materials, assembling, production, processing, storing, distributing and marketing milk products such as Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese; Condensed, evaporated, dried milk and baby food; Icecream and Kulfi; by products; whey products. butter milk, lactose and casein. Testing, Grading, judging milk products-BIS and Agmark specifications, legal standards, quality control nutritive properties. Packaging, processing and operational control Costs.
Meat Hygiene and Technology :
Meat Hygiene - Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning, slaughter and dressing operations; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgment of carcass meat cuts-drading of carcass meat cuts-duties and functions of Veterinarians in Wholesome meat production.
Hygienic methods of handling production of meat-spoilage of meat and control measures-Post slaughter physicochemical changes in meat and factors that influence them-Quality improvement methods-Adulteration of meat and defection-Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and Industry.
Meat Technology:
Physical and chemical characteristics of meat - meat emulsions methods of preservation of meat-curing, canning, irradiation, packaging of meat and meat products; meat products and formulations.
Byproducts - Slaughter house by products and their utilisation. Edible and inedible by products-social and economic implications of proper utilisation of slaughter house byproducts-Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals.
Poultry Products Technology - Chemical nutritive value of poultry meat, pre slaughter care composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre-slaughter care and management.
Slaughtering techniques, inspection, preservation of poultry meat, and products. Legal and BIS standards.
Structure, composition and nutritive value of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products.
Rabbit/Fur Animal farming – Care and management of rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and recycling of waste byproducts. Grading of wool.
Extension - Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and principles of extension. Different Methods adopted to educate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer and feedback. Problems of constraints in transfer of technology. Animal husbandry programmes for rural development.
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Proverbs
1.Between the devil and the deep sea
To choose between two equally bad alternatives in a serious dilemma.
2.Where there's a will there's a way
When a person really wants to do something, he will find a way of doing it.
3.A burnt child dreads fire
A bad experience or a horrifying incident may scar one's attitude or thinking for a lifetime.
4.First come, first served
The first in line will be attended to first.
5.A friend in need is a friend indeed
A friend who helps when one is in trouble is a real friend.
6.Discretion is the better part of valor
If you say discretion is the better part of valor, you mean that avoiding a dangerous or unpleasant situation is sometimes the most sensible thing to do.
7.A hungry man is an angry man
A person who does not get what he wants or needs is a frustrated person and will be easily provoked to rage.
8.Empty vessels make the most noise
Those people who have a little knowledge usually talk the most and make the greatest fuss.
9.A man is as old as he feels
A person's age is immaterial - it is only when he thinks and feels that he is ageing that he actually becomes old.
10.Great talkers are little doers
Those people who talk a lot and are always teaching others usually do not do much work.
11.An idle brain is the devil's workshop
One who has nothing to do will be tempted to do many mischievous acts.
12.An ounce of discretion is worth a pound of wit
It is better to be careful and discrete than to be clever.
13.Faint heart never won fair lady
To succeed in life one must have the courage to pursue what he wants.
14.A penny saved is a penny gained
By being thrifty one will be able to save up.
15.A rolling stone gathers no moss
A person who never settles in one place or who often changes his job will not succeed in life ; one who is always changing his mind will never get anything done.
16.As you sow, so you shall reap
One will either enjoy or suffer the consequences of his earlier actions or inactions.
17.Barking dogs seldom bite
Those who make loud threats seldom carry them out.
18.Better late than never
To do something that is right, profitable, or good a little late is still better than not doing it at all.
19.A bird in hand is worth two in the bush
Something that one already has is better than going after something seemingly more worthwhile that one may not be able to get.
20.Birds of a feather flock together
People of the same sort of character or belief always go together.
21.Call a spade a spade
If you say that someone calls a spade a spade, you mean that they speak frankly and directly, often about embarrassing or unpleasant subjects; an informal expression.
22.Charity begins at home
A person's first obligation should be to help the member of his own family before he can begin thinking of talking about helping others.
23.Dead men tell no lies
( often used as an argument for killing someone whose knowledge of a secret may cause one loss or get into serious trouble.)
24.A great talker is a great liar
A smooth and persuasive talker may be a good liar.
25.Every cloud has a silver lining
If you say that every cloud has a silver lining, you mean that every sad or unpleasant situation has a positive side to it. If you talk about silver lining you are talking about something positive that comes out of a sad or unpleasant situation.
26.All that glitters is not gold
Do not be deceived by things or offers that appear to be attractive.
27.Eat to live, but do not live to eat
Man was created for a divine purpose and he has a destiny with his Creator - he was not born just to enjoy food.
28.Don't put all your eggs in one basket
One should not risk everything he has in a single venture.
29.Every dog has its day
Everyone will get a period of success or satisfaction during his lifetime.
3o.Every one can find fault, few can do better
It is easier to find fault in other people's actions or methods than to do it properly or correctly.
31.Any time means no time
When an event is not decided on or planned earlier it will never take place.
32.Fair exchange is no robbery
A contract is fair as long as both the parties understand and agree to the conditions willingly; after a deal is closed neither side can turn around and say that he was unfairly treated.
33.Fire is a good servant but a bad master
Fire, like any other manmade tool or device, will serve man well only when it is controlled and used wisely
20080411
VITAMINS
VITAMINS
The Vitamins are necessary auxiliaries in metabolism. They combine with specific proteins, as parts of various oxidative enzyme systems which are concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat in the body. Thus, they are intimately involved in the mechanism which releases energy, carbon dioxide and water as the end products of metabolism.Vitamins can be broadly divided into Fat Soluble and Water Soluble Vitamins. Vitamins A D E and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins B ( B1 B2 B6
B12 ) and C are water-soluble.
1.Vitamin - A
Year -1913 Name- Retinol
Main Metabolic Function
Essential for normal growth and development.For normal function of epithelical cells and normal development of teeth and bones.Prevents Night blindness.
Deficiency - Effects
Retarded growth.Reduced resistance to infection.Abnormal function of gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts due to altered epithelial membranes.Interferes with production of "night purple".
Available
Milk, Egg yolk, Ghee, Butter, Carrots, Tomatoes, Leafy and Yellow vegetables, Cod liver oil and Fresh fruits.
Nature
Fat-Soluble
2.Vitamin-B1
Year-1936 Name-Thiamin
Main Metabolic Function
An important aid in carbohydrate metabolism.Needed for Proper functioning of the digestive tract and nervous system.Beriberi.Loss of muscle.
Deficiency - Effects
Loss of appetite.Impaired digestion of starches and sugars.Various nervous disorder coordination.
Available
Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature
Water-Soluble
3.Vitamin - B2
Year-1935 Name-Riboflavin
Main Metabolic Function
Needed in formation of certain enzymes and in cellular oxidation.Prevents inflammation of oral mucous membranes and the tongue.
Deficiency - Effects
Impaired growth, lassitude and weakness.Causes cheillosis or glossittis.May result in Photophobia and cataracts.
Available
Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature
Water-Soluble
4.Vitamin - B6
Year -1934 Name-Pyridoxine
Main Metabolic Function
Acts as do other B vitamins.To break down protein, carbohydrate and fat.Acts as a catalyst in the formation of niacin from tryptophan.
Deficiency - Effects
Increased irritability, convulsions and peripheral neuritis.Anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
Available
Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature
Water-Soluble
5.Vitamin - B12
Year -1948 Name-Cyanocobalamin
Main Metabolic Function
Essential for development of red blood cells.Required for maintenance of skin, nerve tissues, bone and muscles.
Deficiency - Effects
Results in pernicious anaemia.Weakness, fatigue, sore and cracked lips.
Available
Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature
Water-Soluble
6.Vitamin - C
Year -1919 Ascorbic Acid
Main Metabolic Function
Needed for form the cementing substance, collagen, in various tissues (skin, dentine, cartilage and bone matrix).Assists in woundhealing and bone fractures.
Deficiency - Effects
Lowered resistance to infections.Susceptibility to dental cavities, pyotthea and bleeding gums.Delayed wound healing.Specific treatment for Scurvy. Available
Fresh vegetables, Lemon, Orange, Tomatoes, Cabbage , Turnip and Lettuce (Beetroot).
Nature
Water-Soluble
7.Vitamin-C
Year -1925 Name-Cholecalciferol
Main Metabolic Function
Requlates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestinal tract.Affords antiachitic activity.
Deficiency - Effects
Interferes with utilisation of calcium and phosphorus in bone and teeth formation.Development of bone disease, rickets and caries.
Available
Butter, Milk, Ghee, Cod liver oil, Yolk of Eggs and also in Sunrays.
Nature
Fat-Soluble
8.Vitamin - E
Year -1936 Name-Tocopherols
Main Metabolic Function
Protects tissues, cell membranes and Vitamin A against peroxidation.Helps strengthen red blood cells.
Deficiency - Effects
Decreased red blood cell resistance to rupture.
Available
Germinating Wheat.
Nature
Fat-Soluble
9.Vitamin - K
Year -1935 Name-Phytomenadione
Main Metabolic Function
Essential for formation of normal amounts of prothrombin and blood coagulation.
Deficiency - Effects
diminished blood clotting time.Increased incidence of hemorrhages.
Available
Fish, Wheat and Oats.
Nature
Fat-Soluble
The Vitamins are necessary auxiliaries in metabolism. They combine with specific proteins, as parts of various oxidative enzyme systems which are concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat in the body. Thus, they are intimately involved in the mechanism which releases energy, carbon dioxide and water as the end products of metabolism.Vitamins can be broadly divided into Fat Soluble and Water Soluble Vitamins. Vitamins A D E and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins B ( B1 B2 B6
B12 ) and C are water-soluble.
1.Vitamin - A
Year -1913 Name- Retinol
Main Metabolic Function
Essential for normal growth and development.For normal function of epithelical cells and normal development of teeth and bones.Prevents Night blindness.
Deficiency - Effects
Retarded growth.Reduced resistance to infection.Abnormal function of gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts due to altered epithelial membranes.Interferes with production of "night purple".
Available
Milk, Egg yolk, Ghee, Butter, Carrots, Tomatoes, Leafy and Yellow vegetables, Cod liver oil and Fresh fruits.
Nature
Fat-Soluble
2.Vitamin-B1
Year-1936 Name-Thiamin
Main Metabolic Function
An important aid in carbohydrate metabolism.Needed for Proper functioning of the digestive tract and nervous system.Beriberi.Loss of muscle.
Deficiency - Effects
Loss of appetite.Impaired digestion of starches and sugars.Various nervous disorder coordination.
Available
Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature
Water-Soluble
3.Vitamin - B2
Year-1935 Name-Riboflavin
Main Metabolic Function
Needed in formation of certain enzymes and in cellular oxidation.Prevents inflammation of oral mucous membranes and the tongue.
Deficiency - Effects
Impaired growth, lassitude and weakness.Causes cheillosis or glossittis.May result in Photophobia and cataracts.
Available
Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature
Water-Soluble
4.Vitamin - B6
Year -1934 Name-Pyridoxine
Main Metabolic Function
Acts as do other B vitamins.To break down protein, carbohydrate and fat.Acts as a catalyst in the formation of niacin from tryptophan.
Deficiency - Effects
Increased irritability, convulsions and peripheral neuritis.Anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
Available
Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature
Water-Soluble
5.Vitamin - B12
Year -1948 Name-Cyanocobalamin
Main Metabolic Function
Essential for development of red blood cells.Required for maintenance of skin, nerve tissues, bone and muscles.
Deficiency - Effects
Results in pernicious anaemia.Weakness, fatigue, sore and cracked lips.
Available
Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature
Water-Soluble
6.Vitamin - C
Year -1919 Ascorbic Acid
Main Metabolic Function
Needed for form the cementing substance, collagen, in various tissues (skin, dentine, cartilage and bone matrix).Assists in woundhealing and bone fractures.
Deficiency - Effects
Lowered resistance to infections.Susceptibility to dental cavities, pyotthea and bleeding gums.Delayed wound healing.Specific treatment for Scurvy. Available
Fresh vegetables, Lemon, Orange, Tomatoes, Cabbage , Turnip and Lettuce (Beetroot).
Nature
Water-Soluble
7.Vitamin-C
Year -1925 Name-Cholecalciferol
Main Metabolic Function
Requlates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestinal tract.Affords antiachitic activity.
Deficiency - Effects
Interferes with utilisation of calcium and phosphorus in bone and teeth formation.Development of bone disease, rickets and caries.
Available
Butter, Milk, Ghee, Cod liver oil, Yolk of Eggs and also in Sunrays.
Nature
Fat-Soluble
8.Vitamin - E
Year -1936 Name-Tocopherols
Main Metabolic Function
Protects tissues, cell membranes and Vitamin A against peroxidation.Helps strengthen red blood cells.
Deficiency - Effects
Decreased red blood cell resistance to rupture.
Available
Germinating Wheat.
Nature
Fat-Soluble
9.Vitamin - K
Year -1935 Name-Phytomenadione
Main Metabolic Function
Essential for formation of normal amounts of prothrombin and blood coagulation.
Deficiency - Effects
diminished blood clotting time.Increased incidence of hemorrhages.
Available
Fish, Wheat and Oats.
Nature
Fat-Soluble
20080401
Civil Services Books For General Studies Preliminary IAS (General Studies)
General Studies Preliminary IAS (General Studies)
1. Subject Indian History
History books of Classes XI and XII - NCERT
Freedom Struggle (NET) - Bipin Chandra
2. Subject World Geography - including Indian Geography
Principles of Geography (Class XII-Part I, II)
General Geography of India (Class XII) Part I - NCERT
Geography of India - Resources and Regional Development Part II (Class XII) - NCERT
Physical Geography - Leong
Atlas
3. Subject Indian Polity
Introduction to Indian Constitution - D.D. Basu Related
4. Subject Indian Economy
Evolution of Indian Economy - NCERT
Indian Economy - Dutt and Sundharam.
Indian Economy - Mishra and Puri
5. Subject General Science
NCERT books on Science.
Science and Technology supplements in the Newspapers and magazines.
6. Subject Current Events of National and International importance.
One major National Daily - Either The Times of India or The Hindu.
Newsweeklies like India Today or/and Outlook
Current Events - Spectrum
7.Subject General Mental Ability
No special preparation is required in this area. But some practice may be done from any exercise books or quantitative aptitude. In fact, an intelligent calculation is the basic requirement for this topic.
(A).Main (General Studies)
1.Subject History of Modern India
India's struggle for Independence - Bipan Chandra and others.
Modern India - NCERT.
Freedom Struggle (NBT) - Bipan Chandra
Modern India - IGNOU
If one is hard pressed for time, he/she may
skip the Modern India and Freedom Struggle.
2.Subject Indian Culture
Art and Culture portions of history books and Gazetteer of India.
Culture Chapter (s) in the India Year Book.
Encyclopaedia of Indian Culture. A good library invariably has more than one encyclopaedia on Indian Art and Culture selected notes may be taken from it.
Books on culture / cultural topics brought out by Publications Division of Ministry of Information and broadcasting and National Book Trust.
3.Subject Current Affairs
At least one major national newspaper - either The Times of India or The Hindu
Newsweeklies like India Today or/and Outlook
Current Affairs and News Analysis of BBC.
Current events - Spectrum
4.Subject Statistics
Book on Statistics (Class XI) - NCERT
5.Subject Indian Polity and Constitution
Introduction to the Constitution of India - D.D. Basu.
Our Parliament - S.C. Kashyap
6.Subject Indian Geography and Economy
Indian Geography (Class XI and XII) - NCERT
Yozna
Indian Economy - Dutt and Sundharam/Mishra and Puri
The editorial page of the Economic Times.
7.Subject Science and Technology
Science and Technology section of the Wednesday edition of the newspaper 'The Hindu'.
Science and Technology Published by the Spectrum.
Yozna contains science and environment related topics.
1. Subject Indian History
History books of Classes XI and XII - NCERT
Freedom Struggle (NET) - Bipin Chandra
2. Subject World Geography - including Indian Geography
Principles of Geography (Class XII-Part I, II)
General Geography of India (Class XII) Part I - NCERT
Geography of India - Resources and Regional Development Part II (Class XII) - NCERT
Physical Geography - Leong
Atlas
3. Subject Indian Polity
Introduction to Indian Constitution - D.D. Basu Related
4. Subject Indian Economy
Evolution of Indian Economy - NCERT
Indian Economy - Dutt and Sundharam.
Indian Economy - Mishra and Puri
5. Subject General Science
NCERT books on Science.
Science and Technology supplements in the Newspapers and magazines.
6. Subject Current Events of National and International importance.
One major National Daily - Either The Times of India or The Hindu.
Newsweeklies like India Today or/and Outlook
Current Events - Spectrum
7.Subject General Mental Ability
No special preparation is required in this area. But some practice may be done from any exercise books or quantitative aptitude. In fact, an intelligent calculation is the basic requirement for this topic.
(A).Main (General Studies)
1.Subject History of Modern India
India's struggle for Independence - Bipan Chandra and others.
Modern India - NCERT.
Freedom Struggle (NBT) - Bipan Chandra
Modern India - IGNOU
If one is hard pressed for time, he/she may
skip the Modern India and Freedom Struggle.
2.Subject Indian Culture
Art and Culture portions of history books and Gazetteer of India.
Culture Chapter (s) in the India Year Book.
Encyclopaedia of Indian Culture. A good library invariably has more than one encyclopaedia on Indian Art and Culture selected notes may be taken from it.
Books on culture / cultural topics brought out by Publications Division of Ministry of Information and broadcasting and National Book Trust.
3.Subject Current Affairs
At least one major national newspaper - either The Times of India or The Hindu
Newsweeklies like India Today or/and Outlook
Current Affairs and News Analysis of BBC.
Current events - Spectrum
4.Subject Statistics
Book on Statistics (Class XI) - NCERT
5.Subject Indian Polity and Constitution
Introduction to the Constitution of India - D.D. Basu.
Our Parliament - S.C. Kashyap
6.Subject Indian Geography and Economy
Indian Geography (Class XI and XII) - NCERT
Yozna
Indian Economy - Dutt and Sundharam/Mishra and Puri
The editorial page of the Economic Times.
7.Subject Science and Technology
Science and Technology section of the Wednesday edition of the newspaper 'The Hindu'.
Science and Technology Published by the Spectrum.
Yozna contains science and environment related topics.
20080329
Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere- is the name given to all the water of the Earth in solid, liquid and gaseous forms. It thus includes the water of the atmosphere, water on the Earth's surface (e.g. oceans, rivers, ice-sheets and ground water). Oceans, which are interconnected, cover about 70.8 percent of the surface of the Earth. Pacific Ocean, which is the largest among the oceans, sprawls over an area of about 16,57,60,000 sq km, an area which is more than the total combined area of all the continents.
The oceans have an average depth of 3.5 km but their depth varies from place to place. The deepest known point is the Challenger Deep, a part of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, which is 11.776 km deep.
The ocean floor consists of three main zones, viz., the continental shelf, the continental slope and the abyss. The continental shelves are, in fact, the submerged parts of the continents that gentally slope into the oceans bordering these continents.
The true edge of the continents is, however, the continental slope which begins from the point where the continental shelf ends.
The abyss contains large sediment covered plains below the oceans. These plains are often interspersed by lofty volcanic mountains some of which surface as islands and long broad ridges which are in some places 2 to 4 kilometres high and up to 4,000 kilometres wide. The abyss also contains yawning chasms called deep sea trenches.
1.Continental Shelf (Littoral)- is the sea bed bordering the continents, which is covered by shallow water up to about 100 fathoms (600 feet) beyond which is the continental slope.
Continental Slope -is the region of the sea extending next to the continental shelf and having a depth up to 2,000 fathoms.
2.Continental Drift -is a theory or hypothesis that continents have moved relative to each other across the surface of the earth. The idea was originally put forth by Antonio Snider-Pellegrini in 1858 and developed by the German geologist Alfred Wegner from 1910. He started that there was just one supercontinent, Pangaea which began to break up about 200 million years ago, since then the continents have drifted to their present positions.
3.Isohaline- is the line which joins, on a map points of the sea / oceans having equal salinity.
4.Ocean Current- is the movement of a sizeable body of water as a current for fairly long distances along a specific path. It is known as 'drift current' when caused by the winds and as 'convection current' when brought about by variations in temperature. A 'warm current' is the one which flows from a warm to a cold region. The current flowing from a cold to a warm region is called a 'cold current'.
5.Stream -refers to any body of running water that flows on or under the surface of the water.
6.Swamp- is a portion of wet, waterlogged or flooded land.
7.Gulf Stream -refers to the warm ocean current which starts from the Gulf of Mexico and flows along the eastern coast of North America. Influenced by the westerly winds, it crosses the Atlantic, moves along the north-west coast of Europe and helps to keep the British and Norwegian coastal waters warm and navigable during the winter months.
8.Kuro Siwo (Black Current or Japanese Current)- is the warm ocean current which flows up the Asian east coast and is driven by westerly winds towards North America.
9.Tide- is the periodic rise and fall of sea water. Rise and fall occur alternately twice a day. The rising of water is called the Flood Tide and the falling of water is termed as the Ebb Tide.
Spring Tides- are caused as a result of the Moon and the Sun pulling the Earth gravitationally in the same direction. They occur twice a month around full moon and new moon.
10.Neap Tides- are caused when the Moon and the Sun pull the Earth gravitationally in opposite directions. They occur twice a month during first and last quarters of the moon, when Sun, Earth and Moon are at right angles.
11.Lagoon -is a shallow stretch of Water which is partly or completely separated from sea by a narrow strip of land.
12.Reef -is a ridge of submerged rock or other hard substance in sea water. It becomes visible at low rides.
13.Coral Reef- is a ridge of coral and other organic material consolidated into lime stone lying near the sea level.
14.Bay -is a wide curving indentation in a coastline lying between two head lands.
15.Atoll -is a circular or horse shoe shaped coral enclosing within it a lagoon.
16.Fjord -is a shallow stretch of river that may be crossed on foot or in a vehicle, commonly found in Norway or Sweden.
17.Strait- is a narrow sea passage that links two large areas of sea, for example the Strait of Gibraltar.
18.Isthmus- is a narrow strip of land connecting two large areas of land (e.g., Isthmus of Panama joining the North and South American continents).
19.Hinterland -is the land which lies behind a seaport or seaboard and supplies the bulk of the exports and in which are distributed the bulk of the imports of that seaport or seaboard.
Hydrosphere- is the name given to all the water of the Earth in solid, liquid and gaseous forms. It thus includes the water of the atmosphere, water on the Earth's surface (e.g. oceans, rivers, ice-sheets and ground water). Oceans, which are interconnected, cover about 70.8 percent of the surface of the Earth. Pacific Ocean, which is the largest among the oceans, sprawls over an area of about 16,57,60,000 sq km, an area which is more than the total combined area of all the continents.
The oceans have an average depth of 3.5 km but their depth varies from place to place. The deepest known point is the Challenger Deep, a part of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, which is 11.776 km deep.
The ocean floor consists of three main zones, viz., the continental shelf, the continental slope and the abyss. The continental shelves are, in fact, the submerged parts of the continents that gentally slope into the oceans bordering these continents.
The true edge of the continents is, however, the continental slope which begins from the point where the continental shelf ends.
The abyss contains large sediment covered plains below the oceans. These plains are often interspersed by lofty volcanic mountains some of which surface as islands and long broad ridges which are in some places 2 to 4 kilometres high and up to 4,000 kilometres wide. The abyss also contains yawning chasms called deep sea trenches.
1.Continental Shelf (Littoral)- is the sea bed bordering the continents, which is covered by shallow water up to about 100 fathoms (600 feet) beyond which is the continental slope.
Continental Slope -is the region of the sea extending next to the continental shelf and having a depth up to 2,000 fathoms.
2.Continental Drift -is a theory or hypothesis that continents have moved relative to each other across the surface of the earth. The idea was originally put forth by Antonio Snider-Pellegrini in 1858 and developed by the German geologist Alfred Wegner from 1910. He started that there was just one supercontinent, Pangaea which began to break up about 200 million years ago, since then the continents have drifted to their present positions.
3.Isohaline- is the line which joins, on a map points of the sea / oceans having equal salinity.
4.Ocean Current- is the movement of a sizeable body of water as a current for fairly long distances along a specific path. It is known as 'drift current' when caused by the winds and as 'convection current' when brought about by variations in temperature. A 'warm current' is the one which flows from a warm to a cold region. The current flowing from a cold to a warm region is called a 'cold current'.
5.Stream -refers to any body of running water that flows on or under the surface of the water.
6.Swamp- is a portion of wet, waterlogged or flooded land.
7.Gulf Stream -refers to the warm ocean current which starts from the Gulf of Mexico and flows along the eastern coast of North America. Influenced by the westerly winds, it crosses the Atlantic, moves along the north-west coast of Europe and helps to keep the British and Norwegian coastal waters warm and navigable during the winter months.
8.Kuro Siwo (Black Current or Japanese Current)- is the warm ocean current which flows up the Asian east coast and is driven by westerly winds towards North America.
9.Tide- is the periodic rise and fall of sea water. Rise and fall occur alternately twice a day. The rising of water is called the Flood Tide and the falling of water is termed as the Ebb Tide.
Spring Tides- are caused as a result of the Moon and the Sun pulling the Earth gravitationally in the same direction. They occur twice a month around full moon and new moon.
10.Neap Tides- are caused when the Moon and the Sun pull the Earth gravitationally in opposite directions. They occur twice a month during first and last quarters of the moon, when Sun, Earth and Moon are at right angles.
11.Lagoon -is a shallow stretch of Water which is partly or completely separated from sea by a narrow strip of land.
12.Reef -is a ridge of submerged rock or other hard substance in sea water. It becomes visible at low rides.
13.Coral Reef- is a ridge of coral and other organic material consolidated into lime stone lying near the sea level.
14.Bay -is a wide curving indentation in a coastline lying between two head lands.
15.Atoll -is a circular or horse shoe shaped coral enclosing within it a lagoon.
16.Fjord -is a shallow stretch of river that may be crossed on foot or in a vehicle, commonly found in Norway or Sweden.
17.Strait- is a narrow sea passage that links two large areas of sea, for example the Strait of Gibraltar.
18.Isthmus- is a narrow strip of land connecting two large areas of land (e.g., Isthmus of Panama joining the North and South American continents).
19.Hinterland -is the land which lies behind a seaport or seaboard and supplies the bulk of the exports and in which are distributed the bulk of the imports of that seaport or seaboard.
20080315
Indian States International
Indian States International
Boundaries
1. Bordering Pakistan Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan,Gujarat.
2. Bordering China Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.
3 .Bordering Nepal Bihar, Uttaranchal, UP, Sikkim, West Bengal
4 .Bordering Bangladesh West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam
5 .Bordering Bhutan West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam
6. Bordering Myanmar Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram
7 .Bordering Afghanistan Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan - occupied area
Boundaries
1. Bordering Pakistan Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan,Gujarat.
2. Bordering China Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.
3 .Bordering Nepal Bihar, Uttaranchal, UP, Sikkim, West Bengal
4 .Bordering Bangladesh West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam
5 .Bordering Bhutan West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam
6. Bordering Myanmar Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram
7 .Bordering Afghanistan Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan - occupied area
20080314
Name of important indian Places
Nick Names of Important Indian Places
1 Golden City Amritsar
2 Manchester of India Ahmedabad
3 City of Seven islands Mumbai
4 Queen of Arabian Sea Cochin
5 Space City Bangalore
6 Garden City of India Bangalore
7 Silicon Valley of India Bangalore
8 Electronic city of India Bangalore
9 Pink city Jaipur
10 Gateway of India Mumbai
11 Twin city Hyderabad - Sikandarabad
12 City of festivals Madurai
13 Deccan Queen Pune
14 City of Buildings Kolkata
15 Dakshin Ganga Godavari
16 Old Ganga Godavari
17 Egg bowls of Asia Andhra Pradesh
18 Soya region Madhya Pradesh
19 Manchester of the South Coimbatore
20 City of Nawabs Lucknow
21 Venice of the east Cochin
22 Sorrow of Bengal Damodar river
23 Sorrow of Bihar Kosi river
24 Blue Mountains Nilgiri
25 Queen of the Mountains Mussoorie (Uttaranchal)
26 Sacred river Ganga
27 Hollywood of India Mumbai
28 City of Castles Kolkata
29 State of five rivers Punjab
30 City of weavers Panipat
31 City of lakes Srinagar
32 Steel city of India Jamshedpur (Called Tatanagar)
33 City of temples Varanasi
34 Manchester of the north Kanpur
35 City of Rallies New Delhi
36 Heaven of India Jammu & Kashmir
37 Boston of India Ahmedabad
38 Garden of spices of India Kerala
39 Switzerland of India Kashmir
40 Abode of the God Prayag (Allahabad)
41 Pittsburg of India Jamshedpur
1 Golden City Amritsar
2 Manchester of India Ahmedabad
3 City of Seven islands Mumbai
4 Queen of Arabian Sea Cochin
5 Space City Bangalore
6 Garden City of India Bangalore
7 Silicon Valley of India Bangalore
8 Electronic city of India Bangalore
9 Pink city Jaipur
10 Gateway of India Mumbai
11 Twin city Hyderabad - Sikandarabad
12 City of festivals Madurai
13 Deccan Queen Pune
14 City of Buildings Kolkata
15 Dakshin Ganga Godavari
16 Old Ganga Godavari
17 Egg bowls of Asia Andhra Pradesh
18 Soya region Madhya Pradesh
19 Manchester of the South Coimbatore
20 City of Nawabs Lucknow
21 Venice of the east Cochin
22 Sorrow of Bengal Damodar river
23 Sorrow of Bihar Kosi river
24 Blue Mountains Nilgiri
25 Queen of the Mountains Mussoorie (Uttaranchal)
26 Sacred river Ganga
27 Hollywood of India Mumbai
28 City of Castles Kolkata
29 State of five rivers Punjab
30 City of weavers Panipat
31 City of lakes Srinagar
32 Steel city of India Jamshedpur (Called Tatanagar)
33 City of temples Varanasi
34 Manchester of the north Kanpur
35 City of Rallies New Delhi
36 Heaven of India Jammu & Kashmir
37 Boston of India Ahmedabad
38 Garden of spices of India Kerala
39 Switzerland of India Kashmir
40 Abode of the God Prayag (Allahabad)
41 Pittsburg of India Jamshedpur
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